Arabian Journal of Chemistry (Jun 2022)
Nephroprotective properties of chitosan/sodium lignosulfonate/Au nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced nephropathy in mice: Introducing a novel therapeutic drug for the treatment of nephropathy
Abstract
In this study, we report the green synthesis of nontoxic, stable, and small size gold nanoparticle by using chitosan/sodium lignosulfonate hydrogel with capping/reducing ability for the synthesis of CS/NaLS/Au NPs. The prepared bio-nanocomposite were characterized by advanced physicochemical techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) study. It has been established that CS/NaLS/Au NPs have a spherical shape with a mean diameter from 20 to 30 nm. Diabetes was induced by administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally in 100 mature male mice and they were randomly divided into 5 groups. The negative control group received normal saline and treatment groups received glibenclamide with dose 0.5 mg/kg and 10 and 40 μg/kg of CS/NaLS/Au NPs through gavage for 50 days. In addition, one group considered as positive control (in treated-diabetic). On the last day, serum levels of samples blood glucose, urea and creatinine were measured. After tissue processing, 5 μm sections of the kidneys were prepared and they were stained by periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and used for stereological analysis. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of CS/NaLS/Au NPs and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 117 and 86 µg/mL, respectively. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with CS/NaLS/Au NPs were assessed by MTT assay for 48 h about the cytotoxicity properties on normal (HUVEC) cell line. The increased levels of blood glucose and urea were decreased (p < 0.05) significantly in CS/NaLS/Au NPs-treated groups as compared to the untreated diabetic. The kidney weight, kidney volume (Volume of cortex, medulla, glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules, collecting ducts, loop of Henle, interstitial tissues, and vessels) and kidney structures length (length of proximal and distal tubules, collecting ducts, loop of Henle, and vessels) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after treatment with high dose of CS/NaLS/Au NPs (p < 0.05). According to the obtained results, CS/NaLS/Au NPs can regulates the levels of blood glucose and urea and inhibits from kidney damages in STZ-induced diabetic mice. This study suggested CS/NaLS/Au NPs as an antidiabetic and nephroprotective drug in the developing countries.
