The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2023)
CLASS Data Pipeline and Maps for 40 GHz Observations through 2022
- Yunyang Li,
- Joseph R. Eimer,
- Keisuke Osumi,
- John W. Appel,
- Michael K. Brewer,
- Aamir Ali,
- Charles L. Bennett,
- Sarah Marie Bruno,
- Ricardo Bustos,
- David T. Chuss,
- Joseph Cleary,
- Jullianna Denes Couto,
- Sumit Dahal,
- Rahul Datta,
- Kevin L. Denis,
- Rolando Dünner,
- Francisco Espinoza,
- Thomas Essinger-Hileman,
- Pedro Fluxá Rojas,
- Kathleen Harrington,
- Jeffrey Iuliano,
- John Karakla,
- Tobias A. Marriage,
- Nathan J. Miller,
- Sasha Novack,
- Carolina Núñez,
- Matthew A. Petroff,
- Rodrigo A. Reeves,
- Karwan Rostem,
- Rui Shi,
- Deniz A. N. Valle,
- Duncan J. Watts,
- Janet L. Weiland,
- Edward J. Wollack,
- Zhilei Xu,
- Lingzhen Zeng,
- CLASS Collaboration
Affiliations
- Yunyang Li
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Joseph R. Eimer
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Keisuke Osumi
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- John W. Appel
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Michael K. Brewer
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Aamir Ali
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Charles L. Bennett
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Sarah Marie Bruno
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Ricardo Bustos
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
- David T. Chuss
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
- Joseph Cleary
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Jullianna Denes Couto
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Sumit Dahal
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Rahul Datta
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Kevin L. Denis
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Rolando Dünner
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Chile; Centro de Astro-Ingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Chile
- Francisco Espinoza
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción , Alonso de Ribera 2850, Concepción, Chile
- Thomas Essinger-Hileman
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Pedro Fluxá Rojas
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Chile; Centro de Astro-Ingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Chile
- Kathleen Harrington
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Jeffrey Iuliano
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- John Karakla
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Tobias A. Marriage
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Nathan J. Miller
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Sasha Novack
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]; Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Carolina Núñez
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Matthew A. Petroff
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Rodrigo A. Reeves
- ORCiD
- CePIA, Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Karwan Rostem
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Rui Shi
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Deniz A. N. Valle
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Duncan J. Watts
- ORCiD
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Janet L. Weiland
- ORCiD
- The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3701 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA ; [email protected]
- Edward J. Wollack
- ORCiD
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Zhilei Xu
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; MIT Kavli Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Lingzhen Zeng
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- CLASS Collaboration
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acf293
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 956,
no. 2
p. 77
Abstract
The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a telescope array that observes the cosmic microwave background over 75% of the sky from the Atacama Desert, Chile, at frequency bands centered near 40, 90, 150, and 220 GHz. This paper describes the CLASS data pipeline and maps for 40 GHz observations conducted from 2016 August to 2022 May. We demonstrate how well the CLASS survey strategy, with rapid (∼10 Hz) front-end modulation, recovers the large-scale Galactic polarization signal from the ground: the mapping transfer function recovers ∼67% (85%) of EE and BB ( VV ) power at ℓ = 20 and ∼35% (47%) at ℓ = 10. We present linear and circular polarization maps over 75% of the sky. Simulations based on the data imply the maps have a white noise level of $110\,\mu {\rm{K}}\,\mathrm{arcmin}$ and correlated noise component rising at low- ℓ as ℓ ^−2.4 . The transfer-function-corrected low- ℓ component is comparable to the white noise at the angular knee frequencies of ℓ ≈ 18 (linear polarization) and ℓ ≈ 12 (circular polarization). Finally, we present simulations of the level at which expected sources of systematic error bias the measurements, finding subpercent bias for the Λ cold dark matter EE power spectra. Bias from E -to- B leakage due to the data reduction pipeline and polarization angle uncertainty approaches the expected level for an r = 0.01 BB power spectrum. Improvements to the instrument calibration and the data pipeline will decrease this bias.
Keywords
- Astronomy data analysis
- Cosmic microwave background radiation
- Observational cosmology
- Early universe
