Critical resistance to carbapenem and aminoglycosides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: spread of bla NDM/16S methylase armA harboring isolates with intrinsic resistance mechanisms in Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Abstract Background Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is one of the main Gram-negative bacterium causes of infections in hospital settings, and the spread of them is a significant challenge to public health. Methods A total of 30 non-duplicate isolates of CRPA were collected. Antibacterial susceptibility of isolates to antibiotic agents, AmpC β-lactamase production, and biofilm formation were determined. Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC) of isolates to cefepime (FEP), imipenem (IPM), ceftazidime (CAZ), and meropenem (MEM) were evaluated with/without cloxacillin (CLX). The carbapenemase and 16 S rRNA methylase genes were identified by PCR, and the transcription levels of oprD, ampC, and mexA genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). ERIC-PCR was used to detect genetic relationships among isolates. Results All isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and strong biofilm producers. The resistance genes including bla NDM, blaIMP, bla VIM, bla SIM, bla GES, and armA were detected in 21 (70%), 6 (20%), 3 (10%), 2 (6.6%), 1 (3.3%), and 17 (56.6%) of the isolates, respectively. CLX at 500 and 1000 µg/mL significantly reduced the level of MIC to MEM, IPM, CAZ, and FEP, also at 2000 µg/mL significantly reduced the level of MBIC to MEM, IPM, CAZ, and FEP. In all isolates, the transcription levels of oprD were significantly downregulated as well as significantly increased for ampC and mexA. ERIC-PCR typing results divided 30 isolates into four clusters A to D. Conclusion In this study, we reported the spread of different clones of CRPA harboring co-existence of various carbapenemase genes with armA 16 S rRNA methylase for the first time in Kerman, Iran. Also, our isolates had several mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems as well as ability biofilm formation along with resistance to aminoglycosides, the further spread of which could cause serious challenges in our hospital settings. Therefore, serious monitoring is necessary to reduce their prevalence.

Keywords

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Biofilm
• Carbapenemase
• AmpC β-lactamase
• Efflux pump
• oprD