Data-independent acquisition proteomic analysis of the brain microvasculature in Alzheimer’s disease identifies major pathways of dysfunction and upregulation of cytoprotective responses

Abstract

Abstract Brain microvascular dysfunction is an important feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To better understand the brain microvascular molecular signatures of AD, we processed and analyzed isolated human brain microvessels by data-independent acquisition liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (DIA LC–MS/MS) to generate a quantitative dataset at the peptide and protein level. Brain microvessels were isolated from parietal cortex grey matter using protocols that preserve viability for downstream functional studies. Our cohort included 23 subjects with clinical and neuropathologic concordance for Alzheimer’s disease, and 21 age-matched controls. In our analysis, we identified 168 proteins whose abundance was significantly increased, and no proteins that were significantly decreased in AD. The most highly increased proteins included amyloid beta, tau, midkine, SPARC related modular calcium binding 1 (SMOC1), and fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7). Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified the enrichment of increased proteins involved in cellular detoxification and antioxidative responses. A systematic evaluation of protein functions using the UniProt database identified groupings into common functional themes including the regulation of cellular proliferation, cellular differentiation and survival, inflammation, extracellular matrix, cell stress responses, metabolism, coagulation and heme breakdown, protein degradation, cytoskeleton, subcellular trafficking, cell motility, and cell signaling. This suggests that AD brain microvessels exist in a stressed state of increased energy demand, and mount a compensatory response to ongoing oxidative and cellular damage that is associated with AD. We also used public RNAseq databases to identify cell-type enriched genes that were detected at the protein level and found no changes in abundance of these proteins between control and AD groups, indicating that changes in cellular composition of the isolated microvessels were minimal between AD and no-AD groups. Using public data, we additionally found that under half of the proteins that were significantly increased in AD microvessels had concordant changes in brain microvascular mRNA, implying substantial discordance between gene and protein levels. Together, our results offer novel insights into the molecular underpinnings of brain microvascular dysfunction in AD.

Keywords

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Blood–brain barrier
• Brain microvessels
• Neurovascular unit
• Proteomics