Measurement and estimation of evapotranspiration in a maize field: A new method based on an analytical water flux model

Abstract

Quantifying evapotranspiration (ET) in rainfed cropping systems can be challenging due to complicated interactions among site-specific soil, plant, and management factors. In Northeast China, ET and soil water status in maize fields often display strong spatial and temporal variations due to the changes in tillage practice, planting pattern, and maize plant density. Previous studies have shown that near-surface soil water content (θ) observations at multiple scales provide the potential to estimate surface soil water fluxes. In this study, we introduced a new method to estimate daily field ET by using a soil water flux model mainly based on the time-series of θ at a depth of 2.5 cm. The new method required a calibration of soil water diffusivity with maximum net water flux in the near-surface soil layer, which was related to precipitation redistribution below the canopy. Finally, the new method was evaluated using observed ET values over a 2-year period in a maize field, where independent measurements of soil water evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) were made with heat-pulse sensors and sap-flow gauges, respectively. Field observations showed that E dominated water loss during the seedling stage (16% of total ET). As the canopy was fully developed, E sharply decreased to a value of 0.4 mm d−1, and T accounted for about 89% of ET since the silking stage. The new method to estimate ET performed well in drying periods, while it tended to underestimate ET in wet periods with substantial infiltration into the surface layer. On rain-free days, the ET values estimated with the new method matched well with the measured E+T values, with R2 and RMSE values of 0.85 and 1.93 mm d−1. Therefore, the new approach provides an effective way to quantify maize ET.

Keywords

• Evapotranspiration
• Soil water flux
• Soil water content
• Richards’ equation