Mechanical behavior and microstructures of aluminum processed by low strain amplitude multi-directional confined forging

Abstract

Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) leads to grain refinement and strengthening of metals. Among the many SPD processing methods, Multi-Directional Forging (MDF) is the only one where in-situ material stress–strain curves can be obtained. These are adequate only for specimens re-machined after each compression step, thus avoiding problems connected to specimen shape distortions; re-machining involves complex, expensive and time consuming procedures. This difficulty has been circumvented using confined plane strain compressions, where the strain path, however, differs from that in simple, unconfined free compression. A new processing method involving, for each processing step, an initial free simple compression followed by a confined compression (Multi-Directional Confined Forging – MDCF) is proposed, eliminating the specimen re-machining. Strengthening by MDF depends on strain amplitude; low strain amplitude MDF (LSA-MDF) leads to lower work hardening of the material than high strain amplitude MDF, as well as to limited softening and to an increase in the residual work hardening capacity of material previously deformed monotonically or in successive deformation steps with high strain amplitudes. This supplies a highly desired enhanced uniform elongation of the material after SPD. It is shown that Low Strain Amplitude Multi-Directional Confined Forging (LSA-MDCF) of aluminum leads to adequate stress–strain curves up to the contact of the specimen with the confining die walls, as well as to microstructures very similar to those obtained using free compressions with re-machined specimens. This processing route is simpler, faster and cheaper than LSA-MDF with re-machined samples, and thus emerges as a more practical MDF route.

Keywords

• Aluminum
• Microstructures
• Multi-Directional Forging
• Severe Plastic Deformation
• Stress–strain curves