Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 as an Atherogenic Biomarker in Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Coronary atherosclerosis is a condition that affects the arteries supplying the heart. The soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and its expression is increased in vascular endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Aim: To estimate serum sVCAM-1 in atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients with varying severity and to look for its association with the Atherogenic Index (AI). Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry at NEIGRIHMS, a tertiary care Institute in the northeastern part, Shillong India, for a period of one year (2019) with 68 angiographically confirmed newly diagnosed CAD patients and were divided into three groups as Single Vessel Disease (SVD), Double Vessel Disease (DVD) and Triple Vessel Disease (TVD). The following biochemical tests were performed on fasting serum samples: Glucose, lipid profiles {Total cholesterol, High Density Lipid (HDL)-C, Low Density Lipid (LDL)-C, Triglycerides (TG)}, Interleukin-6(IL-6), and sVCAM-1. The Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of the association of risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and diabetes in the participants. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify significant differences in the levels of the estimated parameters among the participant groups. Results: The average age of presentation for the study participants was 61±10.8 years. The study involved 68 recently diagnosed patients with confirmed CAD, of whom 59 (87%) were males and 9 (13%) were females. Among the total patients, 44 (65%) were smokers, 45 (66%) had hypertension, and 29 (43%) were diabetic. The Chi-square test revealed a significant association between smoking (p-value=0.015) and hypertension (p-value=0.008) with CAD, but no association was found with diabetic status. The level of serum sVCAM-1 was found to increase with the number of vessels involved. Significant differences were observed in the levels of serum cholesterol and LDL-C among the groups (TVD>DVD>SVD). The bivariate Pearson’s correlation test between Antherogenic Index (AI) and sVCAM-1 showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r=0.33, p-value=0.0059). Conclusion: Serum sVCAM-1 levels may be used for the follow-up study of patients with CAD, which could be more economical and convenient compared to {Total cholesterol, High Density Lipid (HDL)-C, Low Density Lipid (LDL)-C, Triglycerides (TG)} angiography.

Keywords

• atherogenic index
• atherosclerosis
• cardiovascular disease
• immunoglobulin