Characteristics of Trace Metal Elements in Ambient Sub-Micron Particulate Matter in a Coastal Megacity of Northern China Influenced by Shipping Emissions from 2018 to 2022
Jinhua Du,
Ziyang Liu,
Wenxin Tao,
Ting Wang,
Jiaojiao Zhao,
Weiwei Gong,
Yue Li,
Lian Xue,
Jianli Yang,
Chaolong Wang,
Houyong Zhang,
Fei Wang,
Yingjie Sun,
Yisheng Zhang
Affiliations
Jinhua Du
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Ziyang Liu
Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
Wenxin Tao
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Ting Wang
Jinan Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China
Jiaojiao Zhao
Jinan Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China
Weiwei Gong
Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
Yue Li
Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
Lian Xue
Qingdao Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
Jianli Yang
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Chaolong Wang
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Houyong Zhang
Jinan Eco-Environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China
Fei Wang
SunRui Marine Environment Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266071, China
Yingjie Sun
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Yisheng Zhang
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Various shipping emission restrictions have recently been implemented locally and nationally, which might mitigate their impacts on regional air quality, climate change, and human health. In this study, the daily trace metal elements in PM1 were measured in a coastal megacity in Northern China, from autumn to winter from 2018 to 2022, spanning DECA 1.0 (domestic emission control area), DECA 2.0, IMO 2020, and Pre-OWG Beijing 2022 stages. The trace element changes of V, Ni, Pb, and Zn in PM1 were analyzed. The concentrations of V declined with shipping emission regulations implemented in 2018–2022 at 3.61 ± 3.01, 1.07 ± 1.04, 0.84 ± 0.62, and 0.68 ± 0.61 ng/m3, respectively, with the V/Ni ratio decreasing at 1.14 ± 0.79, 0.93 ± 1.24, 0.35 ± 0.24, and 0.22 ± 0.18. The V/Ni ratio was dominated by the shipping emissions in the DECA 1.0 stage but has been more affected by the inland sources since DECA 2.0. The V/Ni ratio of local transport air mass was higher than that of long-distance transportation, indicating that some ships were still using high-sulfur fuel oil, especially for the ships 12 nautical miles from the coastline. The multiple linear regression model showed a better fit using V as a tracer for ship emission sources of ambient SO2 in the DECA 1.0 stage, while the indication effect reduced since DECA 2.0. The V and V/Ni ratios should be carefully used as indicators of ship sources as more vessels will use clean fuels for energy, and the contribution of inland sources to V and Ni will gradually increase.
