Remote Detection of Different Marine Fuels in Exhaust Plumes by Onboard Measurements in the Baltic Sea Using Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry
Ellen Iva Rosewig,
Julian Schade,
Johannes Passig,
Helena Osterholz,
Robert Irsig,
Dominik Smok,
Nadine Gawlitta,
Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis,
Jan Hovorka,
Detlef Schulz-Bull,
Ralf Zimmermann,
Thomas W. Adam
Affiliations
Ellen Iva Rosewig
Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathmatics and Natural Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Julian Schade
Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathmatics and Natural Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Johannes Passig
Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathmatics and Natural Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Helena Osterholz
Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), 18119 Rostock, Germany
Robert Irsig
Department Life, Light and Matter (LLM), Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Dominik Smok
Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Nadine Gawlitta
Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
Jan Hovorka
Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Detlef Schulz-Bull
Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), 18119 Rostock, Germany
Ralf Zimmermann
Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathmatics and Natural Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Thomas W. Adam
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
Ship emissions are a major cause of global air pollution, and in particular, emissions from the combustion of bunker fuels, such as heavy fuel oil (HFO), show strong impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, sophisticated measurement techniques are needed for monitoring. We present here an approach to remotely investigating ship exhaust plumes through onboard measurements from a research vessel in the Baltic Sea. The ship exhaust plumes were detected from a distance of ~5 km by rapid changes in particle number concentration and a variation in the ambient particle size distribution utilizing a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) instrument. Ambient single particles in the size range of 0.2–2.5 µm were qualitatively characterized with respect to their chemical signature by single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS). In particular, the high sensitivity of the measurement method for transition metals in particulate matter (PM) was used to distinguish between the different marine fuels. Despite the high complexity of the ambient aerosol and the adverse conditions at sea, the exhaust plumes of several ships could be analyzed by means of the online instrumentation.
