Cardiac MRI in infarct-like myocarditis: transmural extension of late gadolinium enhancement is associated with worse outcomes

Abstract

Abstract Objectives To assess the prognostic value of cardiac MRI (CMR) parameters for the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with infarct-like myocarditis. Methods In this retrospective single-center study, patients with CMR-confirmed acute myocarditis with infarct-like presentation were identified (2007–2020). Functional and structural parameters were analyzed including late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of MACE up to 5 years after discharge. Results In total, 130 patients (mean age, 40 ± 19 years; 97 men, 75%) with infarct-like myocarditis were included. CMR was conducted a median of 3 days (interquartile range [IQR], 1–5) after symptom onset. MACE occurred in 18/130 patients (14%) during a median follow-up of 19.3 months (IQR, 4.5–53). The median extent of LGE was 7% (IQR, 4–10). LGE affected the subepicardium in 111/130 patients (85%), the midwall in 45/130 patients (35%), and both the subepicardium and midwall in 27/130 patients (21%). Transmural extension of non-ischemic LGE lesions was observed in 15/130 patients (12%) and septal LGE in 42/130 patients (32%). In univariable Cox regression analysis, a significant association was found between the occurrence of MACE and both, quantified LGE extent and transmural LGE pattern. In multivariable analysis, transmural extension of LGE was an independent predictor for MACE (hazard ratio, 6.34; 95% confidence interval: 2.29–17.49; p < 0.001). Patients with the transmural extension of LGE had a shorter event-free time on Kaplan–Meier analysis (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusions MACE occurred in 14% of patients with infarct-like myocarditis during follow-up. A transmural extension of non-ischemic LGE was associated with a worse long-term prognosis. Critical relevance statement CMR-based assessment of transmural extension of non-ischemic LGE holds the potential to serve as an easily assessable marker for risk stratification in patients with infarct-like myocarditis. Key Points The prognostic value of CMR was studied in patients with infarct-like myocarditis. The extent of LGE and transmural extension were linked to adverse cardiac events. Transmural non-ischemic LGE can serve as an easily assessable prognostic marker. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Heart
• Myocarditis
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Outcome assessment
• Major adverse cardiac events