Digital continuous glucose monitoring systems for patients with HIV-diabetes comorbidity in Ethiopia: a situational analysis

Abstract

Abstract In patients with HIV-diabetes mellitus (DM) comorbidity, invasive blood glucose testing can increase the risk of HIV-related blood contamination and discourage regular glucose monitoring. Digital continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems may allow real-time glucose monitoring without the need for blood specimens. However, in high-burden HIV-DM countries, current glucose monitoring practices and their challenges are insufficiently explored to guide digital CGM research and developments. This study sought to explore the lived experiences of patients with HIV-DM comorbidity and their healthcare providers regarding glucose monitoring practices, and their openness to CGM and other digital technologies, to provide formative insights for a planned implementation trial of digital CGM in Ethiopia. A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted among patients with HIV-DM and their providers at the two largest public hospitals in Ethiopia. Both groups were interviewed face-to-face about DM clinic workflows, blood glucose monitoring and self-testing practices, and potential benefits and limitations of digital CGM systems. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. A total of 37 participants were interviewed, consisting of 18 patients with HIV-DM comorbidity and 19 healthcare providers. Patients had an average (min-max) duration of living with HIV and DM of 14 (8–31) and 6.6 (1–16) years, respectively, with 61% taking insulin—33% alone and 28% alongside oral hypoglycemic agents—and 79% having comorbid hypertension. The thematic analysis identified five main themes: “Diabetes routine clinical care and follow-up”, “Blood glucose monitoring practices”, “Perceptions about digital CGMs”, “Technology adoption”, and “Financial coverage”. Home self-testing was deemed beneficial, but the need for regular follow-ups, result cross-referencing, and glucometer reliability were emphasized. Patients performed fingerstick themselves or with family members, expressing concerns about waste disposal and the risk of HIV transmission. They rely mainly on health insurance for DM care. Patients and providers are happy with the quality of DM services but note a lack of integrated HIV-DM care. Very few providers and patients possessed background information about digital CGMs, and all have not yet utilized them in practice, but expressed keen interest in trying them, representing an important step for upcoming CGM clinical trials in these settings. Given the crucial role of regular glucose testing in managing HIV-DM comorbidity, it is essential to explore testing options that align with patient preferences and minimize the risk of HIV transmission.

Keywords

• Continuous glucose monitoring
• Blood glucose
• Diabetes mellitus
• HIV
• Digital health
• Ethiopia