Effect of electroacupuncture on inhibition of inflammatory response and oxidative stress through activating ApoE and Nrf2 in a mouse model of spinal cord injury

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Electroacupuncture protects neurons and myelinated axons after spinal cord injury by mitigating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, but how it exerts these effects is unclear. Methods and results Spinal cord injury was induced in C57BL/6 wild‐type and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (ApoE–/–) mice, followed by electroacupuncture or ApoE mimetic peptide COG112 treatment. Mice with spinal cord injury suffered loss of myelinated axons and hindlimb motor function through the detections of Basso mouse scale, histology, and transmission electron microscopy; electroacupuncture partially reversed these effects in wild‐type mice but not in ApoE–/– mice. Combining exogenous ApoE administration with electroacupuncture significantly mitigated the effects of spinal cord injury in both mouse strains, and these effects were associated with up‐regulation of anti‐inflammatory cytokines and down‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines which were detected by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Combination treatment also reduced oxidative stress by up‐regulating ApoE and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway through the detections of immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Conclusions These results suggest that electroacupuncture protects neurons and myelinated axons following spinal cord injury through an ApoE‐dependent mechanism.

Keywords

• apolipoprotein E
• electroacupuncture
• inflammatory response
• nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2
• oxidative stress
• spinal cord injury