Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición (Jun 2003)
Evaluación dietética de adolescentes embarazadas durante el primer, segundo y tercer trimestre
Abstract
RESUMEN. Para identificar el riesgo de un aporte inadecuado de nutrientes, se evaluó el consumo (energía y nutrientes) por trimestre en 75 adolescentes (14-18 años) embarazadas (12 semanas al ingreso), de bajos recursos y aparentemente sanas, de una Maternidad de Valencia, Venezuela. Se investigó el aporte de energía y de nutrientes por trimestre (dos recordatorios-24 horas) y el patrón de consumo de alimentos (frecuencia de consumo). El estado nutricional se evaluó según el índice de masa corporal (peso pregestacional/talla²), utilizando los puntos de corte sugeridos del Instituto de Medicina Americano. Se realizaron comparaciones de medias para muestras repetidas, frecuencias y ANOVA. El 34,6% de las adolescentes iniciaron el embarazo con peso bajo y solo 5,3% con exceso. Independientemente de que el valor promedio de energía estuvo por debajo de la recomendación al inicio del embarazo, se observaron aumentos significativos entre primer y segundo trimestre (pSUMMARY. Dietary evaluation of pregnant adolescents during first, second and third trimester. In order to identify risk of inadequate intake of calories and nutrients during pregnancy, 75 pregnant adolescents (14 to 18 years old) apparently healthy, from low socioeconomic level, in their first prenatal control (12 weeks) were studied by two 24 hour recalls and a food frequency questionnaire at each trimester. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (pregestation weight/height²) and classified according to American Medicine Institute reference. Paired t-test, frequency distribution and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Low weight was found in 34,6% of adolescent at the first visit and 5,3% were overweight. Even though, caloric intake was below recommendation, significant increases were observed between first and second trimester for energy, carbohydrates, niacin and zinc (p<0.001) and for fat, proteins, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin C, calcium and iron (p<0,05). From second to third trimester, differences (p<0.05) were significant only for vitamin A. Between first and third trimester, differences were significant (p<0,05) for energy, proteins, carbohydrates, niacin, riboflavin, zinc and for thiamin, vitamin A and calcium (p<0,05). A high proportion of pregnant adolescent did not reach recommendations for energy, folate, calcium and zinc. Food intake pattern did not change significantly among trimesters. Mean total weight gain was 9,2 kg and 0,412± 0,4 g/week. Newborn’s mean weight was 3,221± 418 grams. It is concluded that adolescents are at high nutritional risk and deficiency of dietary intake should be followed . Attention should be addressed from the preconceptional period to postpartum in order to improve maternal and fetal conditions
