Fungal microbiome related to mycotoxin contamination in medicinal and edible seed Semen Persicae
Guangfei Wei,
Bo Zhang,
Yichuan Liang,
Zhaoyu Zhang,
Conglian Liang,
Lan Wu,
Huatao Yu,
Yongqing Zhang,
Shilin Chen,
Linlin Dong
Affiliations
Guangfei Wei
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
Bo Zhang
School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
Yichuan Liang
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
Zhaoyu Zhang
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
Conglian Liang
Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
Lan Wu
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
Huatao Yu
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
Yongqing Zhang
Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
Shilin Chen
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
Linlin Dong
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Corresponding author.
Medicinal and edible seed Semen Persicae is susceptible to mycotoxin and fungal contamination. However, the occurrence of mycotoxin contamination and fungal infection is still unclear. In this paper, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and high-throughput sequencing were conducted to determine the mycotoxin contents and fungal abundances of Semen Persicae. 42.86% of samples were positive for aflatoxin B1 (26.48–48.37 μg/kg) and 28.57% of samples were positive for aflatoxin B2 (1.47–4.82 μg/kg). Ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 were only detected in one sample (91.02 and 34.61 μg/kg, respectively). Chao 1 and Shannon indices were significantly higher in the Dalian of Liaoning, Baotou of Innermongolia and Langfang of Hebei regions than in other groups. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Wallemia, Candica, Saccharomyces and Aspergillus were the predominant fungi and they were significantly region-specific. Simultaneously, the diversity, composition and co-occurrence network complexity in the mycotoxin-free group were significantly higher than those in the mycotoxin-contaminated group. Spearman correlation analysis showed aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins contents were positively and significantly correlated with the abundances of Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Wallemia and Candida. In conclusion, this study reported the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination and the great diversity of fungi associated with Semen Persicae for the first time, providing an early warning for subsequent potential mycotoxin biosynthesis.
