Stabilization of Mn⁴⁺ in Synthetic Slags and Identification of Important Slag Forming Phases

Abstract

The expected shortage of Li due to the strong increase in electromobility is an important issue for the recovery of Li from spent Li-ion batteries. One approach is pyrometallurgical processing, during which ignoble elements such as Li, Al and Mn enter the slag system. The engineered artificial mineral (EnAM) strategy aims to efficiently recover critical elements. This study focuses on stabilizing Li-manganates in a synthetic slag and investigates the relationship between Mn4+ and Mg and Al in relation to phase formation. Therefore, three synthetic slags (Li, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Mn, O) were synthesized. In addition to LiMn3+O2, Li2Mn4+O3 was also stabilized. Both phases crystallized in a Ca-silicate-rich matrix. In the structures of Li2MnO3 and LiMnO2, Li and Mn can substitute each other in certain proportions. As long as a mix of Mn2+ and Mn3+ is present in the slag, spinels form through the addition of Mg and/or Al.

Keywords

• lithium–manganate (IV)
• lithium–manganate (III)
• engineered artificial minerals (EnAMs)
• synthetic slag
• phase diagram