Immunological Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in Humans
Keshav Goyal,
Harsh Goel,
Pritika Baranwal,
Anisha Tewary,
Aman Dixit,
Avanish Kumar Pandey,
Mercilena Benjamin,
Pranay Tanwar,
Abhijit Dey,
Fahad Khan,
Pratibha Pandey,
Piyush Kumar Gupta,
Dhruv Kumar,
Shubhadeep Roychoudhury,
Niraj Kumar Jha,
Tarun Kumar Upadhyay,
Kavindra Kumar Kesari
Affiliations
Keshav Goyal
Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
Harsh Goel
Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Pritika Baranwal
Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
Anisha Tewary
Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
Aman Dixit
Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
Avanish Kumar Pandey
Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Mercilena Benjamin
Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Pranay Tanwar
Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
Abhijit Dey
Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
Fahad Khan
Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201306, India
Pratibha Pandey
Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201306, India
Piyush Kumar Gupta
Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Plot No. 32-34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida 201310, India
Dhruv Kumar
Amity Institute of Molecular and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India
Shubhadeep Roychoudhury
Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
Niraj Kumar Jha
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
Animal Cell Culture and Immuno-Biochemistry Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
Kavindra Kumar Kesari
Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
The SARS-CoV-2 infection spread rapidly throughout the world and appears to involve in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. SARS-CoV-2 is attached to host cells via binding to the viral spike (S) proteins and its cellular receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Consequently, the S protein is primed with serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, which facilitate the fusion of viral and cellular membranes result in the entry of viral RNA into the host cell. Vaccines are urgently required to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and aid in the recovery to pre-pandemic levels of normality. The long-term protective immunity is provided by the vaccine antigen (or pathogen)-specific immune effectors and the activation of immune memory cells that can be efficiently and rapidly reactivated upon pathogen exposure. Research efforts aimed towards the design and development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are increasing. Numerous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have passed late-stage clinical investigations with promising outcomes. This review focuses on the present state and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines research and development, with a particular emphasis on immunological mechanisms of various COVID-19vaccines such as adenoviral vector-based vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines that elicits immunological responses against SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans.
