Leveraging explainable machine learning to identify gait biomechanical parameters associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury

Abstract

Abstract Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient and reconstructed knees display altered biomechanics during gait. Identifying significant gait changes is important for understanding normal and ACL function and is typically performed by statistical approaches. This paper focuses on the development of an explainable machine learning (ML) empowered methodology to: (i) identify important gait kinematic, kinetic parameters and quantify their contribution in the diagnosis of ACL injury and (ii) investigate the differences in sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of the gait cycle between ACL deficient, ACL reconstructed and healthy individuals. For this aim, an extensive experimental setup was designed in which three-dimensional ground reaction forces and sagittal plane kinematic as well as kinetic parameters were collected from 151 subjects. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was evaluated using a comparative analysis with eight well-known classifiers. Support Vector Machines were proved to be the best performing model (accuracy of 94.95%) on a group of 21 selected biomechanical parameters. Neural Networks accomplished the second best performance (92.89%). A state-of-the-art explainability analysis based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and conventional statistical analysis were then employed to quantify the contribution of the input biomechanical parameters in the diagnosis of ACL injury. Features, that would have been neglected by the traditional statistical analysis, were identified as contributing parameters having significant impact on the ML model’s output for ACL injury during gait.