Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Detection and Management Strategies
Madhu Kamle,
Dipendra Kumar Mahato,
Akansha Gupta,
Shikha Pandhi,
Nitya Sharma,
Bharti Sharma,
Sadhna Mishra,
Shalini Arora,
Raman Selvakumar,
Vivek Saurabh,
Jyoti Dhakane-Lad,
Manoj Kumar,
Sreejani Barua,
Arvind Kumar,
Shirani Gamlath,
Pradeep Kumar
Affiliations
Madhu Kamle
Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
Dipendra Kumar Mahato
CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia
Akansha Gupta
Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
Shikha Pandhi
Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
Nitya Sharma
Food Customization Research Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
Bharti Sharma
Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
Sadhna Mishra
Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
Shalini Arora
Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India
Raman Selvakumar
Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
Vivek Saurabh
Division of Food Science and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
Jyoti Dhakane-Lad
Technology Transfer Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
Manoj Kumar
Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
Sreejani Barua
Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
Arvind Kumar
Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
Shirani Gamlath
CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia
Pradeep Kumar
Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India
Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by different species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. CIT can contaminate a wide range of foods and feeds at any time during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. CIT can be usually found in beans, fruits, fruit and vegetable juices, herbs and spices, and dairy products, as well as red mold rice. CIT exerts nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects in both humans and animals, thereby raising concerns regarding the consumption of CIT-contaminated food and feed. Hence, to minimize the risk of CIT contamination in food and feed, understanding the incidence of CIT occurrence, its sources, and biosynthetic pathways could assist in the effective implementation of detection and mitigation measures. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on sources of CIT, its prevalence in food and feed, biosynthetic pathways, and genes involved, with a major focus on detection and management strategies to ensure the safety and security of food and feed.
