Process Optimization of Phytoantioxidant and Photoprotective Compounds from Carob Pods (<i>Ceratonia siliqua</i> L.) Using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method
Radia Ayad,
Rima Ayad,
Hayat Bourekoua,
Mostefa Lefahal,
El Hani Makhloufi,
Salah Akkal,
Kamel Medjroubi,
Gema Nieto
Affiliations
Radia Ayad
Valorization of Natural Resources, Bioactive Molecules and Biological Analysis Unit, Department of Chemistry, Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, Constantine 25000, Algeria
Rima Ayad
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and Health, Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Mohammed Seddik Benyahia of Jijel, Jijel 18000, Algeria
Hayat Bourekoua
Laboratoire de Nutrition et Technologie Alimentaire (LNTA), Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (INATAA), Frères Mentouri-Constantine 1 University, Constantine 25000, Algeria
Mostefa Lefahal
Valorization of Natural Resources, Bioactive Molecules and Biological Analysis Unit, Department of Chemistry, Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, Constantine 25000, Algeria
El Hani Makhloufi
Valorization of Natural Resources, Bioactive Molecules and Biological Analysis Unit, Department of Chemistry, Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, Constantine 25000, Algeria
Salah Akkal
Valorization of Natural Resources, Bioactive Molecules and Biological Analysis Unit, Department of Chemistry, Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, Constantine 25000, Algeria
Kamel Medjroubi
Valorization of Natural Resources, Bioactive Molecules and Biological Analysis Unit, Department of Chemistry, Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, Constantine 25000, Algeria
Gema Nieto
Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
The current study first describes the extraction of phytoantioxidant polyphenols from Carob byproducts (pods) using maceration and heating-assisted extraction as traditional methods and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) as an innovative method to determine the most efficient extraction process in terms of four targeted responses: total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (TAC and DPPH), and photoprotective properties as measured by the sun protection factor (SPF). Second, we used response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite rotatable design (CCDR) approach to investigate the influence of process variables (extraction time, extraction temperature, and solvent concentration) on UAE, which was found to be the most effective extraction technique in our study. Carob byproduct extracts had a TPC ranging from 6.21 to 21.92 mg GAE/g dw, a TAC ranging from 22.00 to 49.30 mg AAE/g dw, DPPH scavenging activity ranging from 56.35 to 90.50%, and SPF values ranging from 8.62 to 22.37. The optimal UAE conditions for maximum TPC, TAC, DPPH, and SPF responses were determined to be 38.90% ethanol, 53.90 °C, and 50.92 min. Using Carob as a source for sustainable and bioactive products in conjunction with optimized UAE is a promising contribution to the cosmetic industry that will help to strengthen the concept of environmentally-friendly “green chemistry”. Given that Carob pulp or seeds are considered food byproducts, the research presented here encourages the use of these agri-food waste materials in cosmetics.
