Novel Applications of Microextraction Techniques Focused on Biological and Forensic Analyses
Cristian D’Ovidio,
Martina Bonelli,
Enrica Rosato,
Angela Tartaglia,
Halil İbrahim Ulusoy,
Victoria Samanidou,
Kenneth G. Furton,
Abuzar Kabir,
Imran Ali,
Fabio Savini,
Marcello Locatelli,
Ugo de Grazia
Affiliations
Cristian D’Ovidio
Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Section of Legal Medicine, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Martina Bonelli
Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Section of Legal Medicine, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Enrica Rosato
Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Angela Tartaglia
Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Halil İbrahim Ulusoy
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Turkey
Victoria Samanidou
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Kenneth G. Furton
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Abuzar Kabir
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Imran Ali
Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara 41477, Saudi Arabia
Fabio Savini
Pharmatoxicology Laboratory—Hospital “Santo Spirito”, Via Fonte Romana 8, 65124 Pescara, Italy
Marcello Locatelli
Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Ugo de Grazia
Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy
In recent years, major attention has been focused on microextraction procedures that allow high recovery of target analytes, regardless of the complexity of the sample matrices. The most used techniques included liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), and fabric-phase sorptive extraction (FPSE). These techniques manifest a rapid development of sample preparation techniques in different fields, such as biological, environmental, food sciences, natural products, forensic medicine, and toxicology. In the biological and forensic fields, where a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties are analyzed, the sample preparation is required to make the sample suitable for the instrumental analysis, which often includes gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass detectors or tandem mass detectors (MS/MS). In this review, we have focused our attention on the biological and forensic application of these innovative procedures, highlighting the major advantages and results that have been accomplished in laboratory and clinical practice.
