Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and analgesic potential of aqueous-ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia prostrata ait. and Crotalaria burhia Buch–Ham
Muhammad Rahil Aslam,
Hafiz Muhammad Asif,
Abdulaziz Alamri,
Adnan Ahmed Bhutto,
Muhammad Mukhtiar,
Khalil Ahmad,
Mehak Muhammad Ashfaq,
Hafiz Abdul Sattar,
Abdul Hayee,
Sana Jabbar,
Rabia Zahid,
Allah Nawaz
Affiliations
Muhammad Rahil Aslam
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan; First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
Hafiz Muhammad Asif
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan; Corresponding author.
Abdulaziz Alamri
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Corresponding author.
Adnan Ahmed Bhutto
APPNA Institute of Public Health, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Pakistan
Muhammad Mukhtiar
Department of Pharmacy, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJK, Pakistan
Khalil Ahmad
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
Mehak Muhammad Ashfaq
College of Public Health, Ziaudin University Karachi, Pakistan
Hafiz Abdul Sattar
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
Abdul Hayee
Department of Immunology, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
Sana Jabbar
Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Natural Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama Shi, 930-0194, Japan
Rabia Zahid
University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
Allah Nawaz
Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Euphorbia prostrata (E. prostrata) and Crotalaria burhia (C. burhia) are widely found in flora of the Cholistan Desert of Bahawalpur, Pakistan and are traditionally used to treat pain and chronic disease. The current study aimed to evaluate their phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, in-vivo phagocytic activity, and analgesic activity. Both the plant extracts were investigated for phytochemical screening, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, in-vitro antioxidant by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, in-vivo immunomodulatory activity by macrophages phagocytosis using carbon clearance rate assay and analgesic activity by acetic acid produced writhing method. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, phenols, quinines, proteins, terpenes, glycosides, and alkaloids. FTIR analysis revealed the existence of different functional groups in both extracts. The DPPH method showed that E. prostrata exhibited a high antioxidant potential with an IC50 of 62.5 μg/ml whereas C. burhia showed a lower antioxidant potential. At the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (b. wt), both the extracts showed a significant increase in the phagocytic index by 5.2 ± 0.2, and, 4.8 ± 0.1 (p < 0.001) respectively which was close to the 100 mg/kg b. wt of the standard drug (Levamisole) 5.4 ± 0.2. Both the extracts at the dose of 200 mg/kg b. wt also significantly reduced the writhing (abdominal contractions) count by 13.7 ± 0.3 and, 25.3 ± 1.5 (p < 0.001), showing 71.8% and 47.6% of reduced analgesic activity compared to the standard drug dicloran (diclofenac sodium), respectively. In conclusion, extracts of both plants indicate their role in the management of various disorders to relieve pain and modulate the immune system.
