Clinicopathology of non-infectious choroiditis: evolution of its appraisal during the last 2–3 decades from “white dot syndromes” to precise classification

Abstract

Abstract Choroidal imaging investigation techniques were very limited until 2–3 decades ago. Fluorescein angiography (FA) was not suited for the analysis of the choroidal compartment and B-scan ultrasonography did not provide enough accuracy. It was on this background that a purely phenomenological approach was attempted to classify these choroiditis diseases by regrouping them under the vague potpourri term of “white dot syndromes”. With the availability of precise investigational modalities of choroidal inflammation or choroiditis-induced lesions, such as indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) it became possible to better classify these diseases based on clinico-pathological mechanisms rather than on purely phenomenological observation. Recently OCT-angiography has implemented the armamentarium of diagnostic techniques possibly also contributing to the classification of choroidal inflammatory diseases. Based on pioneering pragmatism, the aim of this article was to give a clear classification of non-infectious choroiditis. Thanks to new imaging investigations of the choroid, it is now possible to classify and understand the diverse clinicopathological mechanisms in the group of non-infectious choroiditis entities.

Keywords

• Fluorescein angiography (FA)
• Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)
• Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)
• Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT)
• Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)
• Acute posterior multifocal Placoid pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)