Retrospective Assessment of Translational Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Modeling Performance: A Case Study with Apitolisib, a Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Despite significant progress in biomedical research, the rate of success in oncology drug development remains inferior to that of other therapeutic fields. Mechanistic models provide comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic effects of drugs, which is crucial for designing effective clinical trials. This study was performed to acquire a better understanding of PI3K–AKT–TOR pathway modulation and preclinical to clinical translational bridging for a specific compound, apitolisib (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor), by developing integrated mechanistic models. Methods Integrated pharmacokinetic (PK)–pharmacodynamic (PD)–efficacy models were developed for xenografts bearing human renal cell adenocarcinoma and for patients with solid tumors (phase 1 studies) to characterize relationships between exposure of apitolisib, modulation of the phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) biomarker triggered by inhibition of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway, and tumor response. Results Both clinical and preclinical integrated models show a steep sigmoid curve linking pAkt inhibition to tumor growth inhibition and quantified that a minimum of 35–45% pAkt modulation is required for tumor shrinkage in patients, based on platelet-rich plasma surrogate matrix and in xenografts based on tumor tissue matrix. Based on this relationship between targeted pAkt modulation and tumor shrinkage rate, it appeared that a constant pAkt inhibition of 61% and 65%, respectively, would be necessary to achieve tumor stasis in xenografts and patients. Conclusions These results help when it comes to evaluating the translatability of the preclinical analysis to the clinical target, and provide information that will enhance the value of future preclinical translational dose-finding and dose-optimization studies to accelerate clinical drug development. Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00854152 and NCT00854126.