The Influence of NH₄NO₃ and NH₄ClO₄ on Porous Structure Development of Activated Carbons Produced from Furfuryl Alcohol

Abstract

The influence of NH4NO3 and NH4ClO4 on the porous texture and structure development of activated carbons produced from a non-porous polymeric precursor synthesized from furfuryl alcohol has been studied. The non-doped counterparts were prepared and studied for comparison purposes. NH4NO3 and NH4ClO4-doped polymers were carbonized under N2 atmosphere at 600 °C, followed by CO2 activation at 1000 °C and the obtained carbon materials and activated carbons were thoroughly characterized. The porosity characterization data have shown that NH4NO3-derived ACs present the highest specific surface area (up to 1523 m2/g in the experimental conditions studied), and the resulting porosity distributions are strongly dependent on the activation conditions. Thus, 1 h activation is optimum for the microporosity development, whereas larger activation times lead to micropores enlargement and conversion into mesopores. The type of doping salts used also has a substantial impact on the surface chemical composition, i.e., C=O groups. Moreover, NH4NO3 and NH4ClO4 constitute good sources of nitrogen. The type and contribution of nitrogen species are dependent on the preparation conditions. Quaternary nitrogen only appears in doped samples prepared by carbonization and pyrrolic, pyrydinic, and nitrogen oxide groups appear in the NH4NO3 -series. NH4NO3 incorporation has led to optimized materials towards CO2 and C2H4 sorption with just 1 h activation time.

Keywords

• activated carbons
• carbonaceous materials
• pore development
• CO₂ adsorption
• CO₂ uptake
• supercapacitors