Effects of Smokeless Tobacco on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of 3D-Printed, CAD/CAM-Milled, and Conventional Denture Base Materials: An In Vitro Study
Maryam H. Mugri,
Saurabh Jain,
Mohammed E. Sayed,
Amjad Hussain Asiri Halawi,
Safa Ahmed Ibrahim Hamzi,
Raniya Abdulaziz Saad Aljohani,
Zainab Mousa Ali Madkhali,
Asaad Khalid,
Hossam F. Jokhadar,
Mai Almarzouki,
Ghaida A. Alhumaidan,
Ahid Amer Alshahrani,
Saeed M. Alqahtani,
Nasser M. Alqahtani,
Honey Lunkad
Affiliations
Maryam H. Mugri
Department of Maxillofacial and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Saurabh Jain
Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed E. Sayed
Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Amjad Hussain Asiri Halawi
College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Safa Ahmed Ibrahim Hamzi
College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Raniya Abdulaziz Saad Aljohani
College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Zainab Mousa Ali Madkhali
College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Asaad Khalid
Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Hossam F. Jokhadar
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Mai Almarzouki
Department of Operative Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Ghaida A. Alhumaidan
King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12271, Saudi Arabia
Ahid Amer Alshahrani
Department of Dental Technology, Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
Saeed M. Alqahtani
Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
Nasser M. Alqahtani
Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
Honey Lunkad
Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Tobacco consumption in its different forms can affect the optical and surface properties of dental materials that are used in the oral cavity. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two commercially available smokeless tobacco products on the color stability and surface roughness of denture base resins that were fabricated using three different techniques (CAD/CAM milling, 3D printing, and conventional heat polymerization). A total of 126 denture base resin specimens were fabricated using the three different manufacturing techniques (n = 42 each). Specimens from each group were further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 14 each) and immersed in three different immersion media (a khaini suspension, a tabbaq suspension, and artificial saliva). The differences in color and surface roughness were assessed according to data that were collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. The tabbaq smokeless tobacco was found to cause greatest changes in color and surface roughness; the effect was observed to be highest in the 3D-printed specimens followed by the conventional heat-polymerized and CAD/CAM milled specimens. The mean changes in color and surface roughness were the highest for the tabbaq smokeless tobacco followed by the khaini smokeless tobacco and the artificial saliva. Statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) differences were observed among all techniques and suspensions. We concluded that the mean changes in color and surface roughness were significantly higher for the 3D-printed dentures compared to the conventional heat-polymerized and CAD/CAM-milled dentures. Thus, the results of the present study strengthened the concept that tobacco in any form can lead to changes in the color and surface roughness of denture base materials.
