Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in rwanda: a secondary data analysis using the WHO STEPS survey 2022

Abstract

Abstract Hypertension is a major public health concern and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in Rwanda. While previous national surveys have documented its burden, updated analysis of current prevalence patterns and determinants is needed to inform contemporary prevention strategies. This study aimed to assess hypertension prevalence and key determinants using data from the 2022 Rwanda WHO STEPS Survey to inform targeted prevention and intervention strategies. This secondary data analysis utilized nationally representative data from the 2022 Rwanda WHO STEPS Survey. Bivariate analysis was conducted using weighted chi-square tests to examine associations between hypertension and sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables. Variables with p < 0.05 in bivariate analysis were included in a weighted multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent factors associated with hypertension. Data analysis was performed using STATA version 17, accounting for the complex survey design. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the chi-square test to assess associations between hypertension and independent variables. Significant variables were included in a multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent factors associated with hypertension. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 16.8%, with higher rates observed among older individuals and those with obesity. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, compared with younger adults, respondents aged 60–69 years were 5.7 times more likely to have hypertension (AOR = 5.7, 95% CI [3.76–8.65], p < 0.001). Overweight and obese individuals were 1.6 times more likely to have hypertension (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI [1.20–2.00], p = 0.001). Alcohol consumption in the past 12 months was associated with increased hypertension risk (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI [1.11–1.87], p = 0.006). Geographic disparities were noted, with individuals in the Northern (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI [1.05–2.09], p = 0.025), Western (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI [1.21–2.24], p = 0.002) and Southern (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.26–2.27], p < 0.001) provinces at greater risk compared to the Eastern province. Hypertension is prevalent in Rwanda, with age, obesity, alcohol consumption, and regional disparities emerging as key risk factors. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, including hypertension screening, weight management programs, and lifestyle modifications. Strengthening community-based prevention initiatives and policy-driven strategies can improve cardiovascular health outcomes in Rwanda.

Keywords

• Hypertension
• Prevalence
• Risk factors
• Rwanda
• WHO STEPS survey
• Cardiovascular health