Opioid-free anesthesia using continuous dexmedetomidine and lidocaine infusions in spine surgery

• David J. Kim,
• Raheel Bengali,
• T. Anthony Anderson

Affiliations

David J. Kim

Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Raheel Bengali

Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

T. Anthony Anderson

Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.