Background: Persistent cryoglobulinemia after the completion of antiviral treatment is an important consideration of clinical management in chronic hepatitis C patients. We aimed to investigate the occurrence of serum cryoglobulinemia in chronic hepatitis C patients without cryoglobulinemia at the initiation of antiviral treatment. Methods: In total, 776 patients without cryoglobulinemia were assessed for serum cryoglobulinemia after the completion of anti-HCV treatment. Serum cryoglobulinemia precipitation was assessed upon both the initiation and the completion of the treatment and analyzed for the clinical laboratory factors associated with chronic hepatitis C. Results: One hundred eighteen (118) patients were checked for serum cryo-precipitation after the completion of the treatment, and eight patients (4.6%) were positive for serum cryoglobulinemia. The patients who tested positive for cryoglobulinemia included a higher proportion of liver cirrhosis patients (4/50%, p = 0.033) and other organ cancer patients (5/62.5%, p = 0.006) than patients who showed no signs of cryoglobulinemia after treatment. In a multivariate analysis, liver cirrhosis (odds ratio [OR]—17.86, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]—1.79–177.35, p = 0.014) and other organ cancer (OR–25.17 95% CI—2.59–244.23, p = 0.005) were independently and significantly associated with positive cryoglobulinemia 3 months after antiviral treatment. Conclusions: Three months after the antiviral DAA therapy had concluded, eight patients tested positive for cryoglobulinemia, representing a 6.7% prevalence. Liver cirrhosis and other organ cancer were independently and significantly associated with positive cryoglobulinemia after antiviral treatment. Further investigation into the causes of positive cryoglobulinemia after DAA antiviral therapy is warranted.
