Toward Effective Evaluation of Cyber Defense: Threat Based Adversary Emulation Approach

Abstract

Attackers compromise organizations with increasingly sophisticated ways, such as Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attackers. Usually, such attacks have the intention to exploit endpoints to gain access to critical data. For security controls and defense evaluation, organizations may employ offensive security activities. The most important one is penetration testing and red teaming, but such operations are usually resource exhaustive and extend over a longer period of time. Furthermore, traditional Venerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) works effectively in the mitigation of known attacks but did not prove to be effective against stealthy attacks. VAPT considers the whole offsec as an acting problem but in reality, an attacker has to deal with uncertainty while conducting real-world attacks. In this paper, we are presenting an adversary emulation approach based on MITRE ATT&CK adversary emulation plan with consideration of planning as a major part of each attack phase. The approach utilizes stealthy attack vectors and paths to emulate adversary for defense evaluation. For effective defense evaluation, we picked more than 40 techniques from ATT&CK, deployed their mitigation on target machines, and then launched attacks against all those techniques. We show that attack paths and payloads generated using our approach are strong enough to evade security controls at endpoints. This approach provides a special environment for cyber defenders to think like adversary, and create new attack vectors and paths to evaluate organizational security preparedness. This process constructs a special environment to expand the attack landscape view and defense evaluation with minimal resources for the organization.

Keywords

• ATT&CK predictions
• endpoint security evaluation
• cyber attack simulations
• penetration testing
• stealthy attacks
• defense evaluation