Measurement of motorcycle exhaust emissions on urban roads using remote sensing

Abstract

This study aim to determine motorcycle exhaust emissions and emission factors on urban roads using unintrusive roadside remote sensing equipment, specifically the ETC M752 type version 3.1 from 2020. The research gathered 1012 valid and identified vehicle samples from five locations, comprising four in Jakarta and one in Bandung. The results unveiled median motorcycle emissions: CO2 (13.90%), CO (1.42%), smoke (0%), HC (1499 ppm), and NOx (2447 ppm). These measurements were recorded at an average speed of 21.81 km/h with an average acceleration of 0.05 m/s². Meanwhile the emission factors determined from this study were: 46.50 g/km, 1.95 g/km, 0 g/km, 0.22 g/km, and 0.46 g/km for CO2, CO, soot, HC, and NOx, respectively. An increase in the production year of motorcycles led to a significant reduction in exhaust emissions and emission factors. Across all production year categories, CO and HC emissions remained within acceptable thresholds. CO and HC emission factors already meet Euro 3 standards, while the NOx emission factor still does not meet the standard. Enhancing engine cylinder capacity resulted in a slight uptick in motorcycle exhaust emissions and emission factors. Specifically, the CO and HC emissions on Yamaha motorcycles are lower compared to Honda, while the NOx emissions on Yamaha motorcycles are higher compared to Honda. However, both brands have met Euro 3 standards for CO and HC but not for NOx.