Exploiting the Freshwater Shrimp <i>Neocaridina denticulata</i> as Aquatic Invertebrate Model to Evaluate Nontargeted Pesticide Induced Toxicity by Investigating Physiologic and Biochemical Parameters
Petrus Siregar,
Michael Edbert Suryanto,
Kelvin H.-C. Chen,
Jong-Chin Huang,
Hong-Ming Chen,
Kevin Adi Kurnia,
Fiorency Santoso,
Akhlaq Hussain,
Bui Thi Ngoc Hieu,
Ferry Saputra,
Gilbert Audira,
Marri Jmelou M. Roldan,
Rey Arturo Fernandez,
Allan Patrick G. Macabeo,
Hong-Thih Lai,
Chung-Der Hsiao
Affiliations
Petrus Siregar
Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Michael Edbert Suryanto
Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Kelvin H.-C. Chen
Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan
Jong-Chin Huang
Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan
Hong-Ming Chen
Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Rd., Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
Kevin Adi Kurnia
Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Fiorency Santoso
Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Akhlaq Hussain
Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Bui Thi Ngoc Hieu
Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Ferry Saputra
Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Gilbert Audira
Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
Marri Jmelou M. Roldan
Faculty of Pharmacy and The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
Rey Arturo Fernandez
Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
Hong-Thih Lai
Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, 300 University Rd., Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
Chung-Der Hsiao
Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
As a nicotinoid neurotoxic insecticide, imidacloprid (IMI) works by disrupting nerve transmission via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Although IMI is specifically targeting insects, nontarget animals such as the freshwater shrimp, Neocaridina denticulata, could also be affected, thus causing adverse effects on the aquatic environment. To investigate IMI toxicity on nontarget organisms like N. denticulata, their physiology (locomotor activity, heartbeat, and gill ventilation) and biochemical factors (oxidative stress, energy metabolism) after IMI exposure were examined. IMI exposure at various concentrations (0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 ppm) to shrimp after 24, 48, 72 h led to dramatic reduction of locomotor activity even at low concentrations. Meanwhile, IMI exposure after 92 h caused reduced heartbeat and gill ventilation at high concentrations. Biochemical assays were performed to investigate oxidative stress and energy metabolism. Interestingly, locomotion immobilization and cardiac activity were rescued after acetylcholine administration. Through molecular docking, IMI demonstrated high binding affinity to nAChR. Thus, locomotor activity and heartbeat in shrimp after IMI exposure may be caused by nAChR blockade and not alterations caused by oxidative stress and energy metabolism. To summarize, N. denticulata serves as an excellent and sensitive aquatic invertebrate model to conduct pesticide toxicity assays that encompass physiologic and biochemical examinations.
