Сельскохозяйственные машины и технологии (Jun 2016)
Agricultural production ecology: problems and solutions
Abstract
Researches of scientists of the Northwest Federal District of the Russian Federation and the European countries are directed on decrease in an environmental pressure of agricultural production on environment. The international projects BaltHazar, ERAB, BASE, Luga Balt are completed together with the leading foreign experts with support of the ministries of agriculture and environmental protection of Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and other countries. The greatest negative impact on environment proceeds from systems of processing and use of manure and poultry litter. The main threat is posed by losses of biogenous elements, first of all nitrogen and phosphorus that can be connected by imperfection of technologies and lack of ecological management at the enterprises. The generalized ecological indicator of agricultural enterprise work is the effectiveness ratio of nutrient utilization. A decision-making technique on ecologically safe placement and functioning of agricultural enterprises was offered. The authors defined values of losses of biogenes during the main technological operations of processing of manure and poultry litter, developed mathematical model for definition of losses of biogenes at stages of a production cycle of bioconversion of waste of animal industry. The least losses of biogenes are reached at technology of of manure or poultry litter processing with use of the bioreactor of drum type on which patents for useful model are taken out. The generalized indicator of an environmental pressure of a livestock enterprise is the calculated value of balance of nitrogen and phosphorus. According to requirements of the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) limitations of introduction of nitrogen no more than 170 kg/ha and phosphorus no more than 25 kg/ha are accepted.
