Clinical performance of implanted devices used in surgical treatment of patients with spinal tumors: a systematic review

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Implanted devices used in metastatic spine tumor surgery (MSTS) include pedicle screws, fixation plates, fixation rods, and interbody devices. A material to be used to fabricate any of these devices should possess an array of properties, which include biocompatibility, no toxicity, bioactivity, low wear rate, low to moderate incidence of artifacts during imaging, tensile strength and modulus that are comparable to those of cortical bone, high fatigue strength/long fatigue life, minimal or no negative impact on radiotherapy (RT) planning and delivery, and high capability for fusion to the contiguous bone. The shortcomings of Ti6Al4V alloy for these applications with respect to these desirable properties are well recognized, opening the field for an investigation about novel biomaterials that could replace the current gold standard. Previously published reviews on this topic have exhibited significant shortcomings in the studies they included, such as a small, heterogenous sample size and the lack of a cost-benefit analysis, extremely useful to understand the practical possibility of applying a novel material on a large scale. Therefore, this review aims to collect information about the clinical performance of these biomaterials from the most recent literature, with the objective of deliberating which could potentially be better than titanium in the future, with particular attention to safety, artifact production and radiotherapy planning interference. The significant promise showed by analyzing the clinical performance of these devices warrants further research through prospective studies with a larger sample size also taking into account each aspect of the production and use of such materials. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to improve the reporting of the review. The search was performed from March 2022 to September 2023. Results At the end of the screening process, 20 articles were considered eligible for this study. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Carbon-fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK), long carbon fiber reinforced polymer (LCFRP), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and carbon screw and rods were used in the included studies. Conclusion CFR-PEEK displays a noninferior safety and efficacy profile to titanium implanted devices. However, it also has other advantages. By decreasing artifact production, it is able to increase detection of local tumor recurrence and decrease radiotherapy dose perturbation, ultimately bettering prognosis for patients necessitating adjuvant treatment. Nonetheless, its drawbacks have not been explored fully and still require further investigation in future studies. This does not exclude the fact that CFR-PEEK could be a valid alternative to titanium in the near future.

Keywords

• Spinal tumors
• Metastases
• Spine
• Radiolucent implanted devices
• Radiotherapy
• Coated implant