Pelvic floor dysfunctions in female athletes

Abstract

Pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) consists of disorders that involve urinary incontinence (UI), anorectal dysfunction, pelvic organ prolapse (POP), sexual dysfunction and pelvic pain. While physical activity benefits overall health, high-impact and strenuous exercise may contribute to PFD due to increased intra-abdominal pressure. This study examined PFD prevalence in female athletes and their knowledge of the condition. The prevalence of UI is significantly higher in female athletes compared to the general population, with high-impact sports such as gymnastics, basketball, and volleyball demonstrating the greatest risk. Anorectal dysfunction is less studied but appears more prevalent in endurance and high-intensity athletes. POP remains underexplored, though some studies suggest sports do not worsen the symptoms. Additionally, sexual dysfunction, particularly dyspareunia, is common but poorly understood among athletes. Despite the high prevalence of PFD, knowledge among sportswomen remains limited, with misconceptions contributing to reluctance in seeking medical care. There is a pressing need for educational interventions to improve awareness of PFD in female athletes. Additionally, the implementation of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has shown promise in preventing and managing UI. Future research should expand beyond UI and particularly include sexual health and anorectal dysfunction, to ensure comprehensive care for female athletes.

Keywords

• pelvic floor dysfunction
• pelvic floor disorders
• pelvic floor
• urinary incontinence
• pelvic organ prolapse
• anorectal dysfunction