NH₄⁺ Toxicity, Which Is Mainly Determined by the High NH₄⁺/K⁺ Ratio, Is Alleviated by CIPK23 in <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Abstract

Ammonium (NH4+) toxicity is always accompanied by ion imbalances, and NH4+ and potassium (K+) exhibit a competitive correlation in their uptake and transport processes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the typical leaf chlorosis phenotype in the knockout mutant of calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 23 (CIPK23) is high-NH4+-dependent under low-K+ condition. However, the correlation of K+ and NH4+ in the occurrence of leaf chlorosis in the cipk23 mutant has not been deeply elucidated. Here, a modified hydroponic experimental system with different gradients of NH4+ and K+ was applied. Comparative treatments showed that NH4+ toxicity, which is triggered mainly by the high ratio of NH4+ to K+ (NH4+/K+ ≥ 10:1 for cipk23) but not by the absolute concentrations of the ions, results in leaf chlorosis. Under high NH4+/K+ ratios, CIPK23 is upregulated abundantly in leaves and roots, which efficiently reduces the leaf chlorosis by regulating the contents of NH4+ and K+ in plant shoots, while promoting the elongation of primary and lateral roots. Physiological data were obtained to further confirm the role CIPK23 in alleviating NH4+ toxicity. Taken all together, CIPK23 might function in different tissues to reduce stress-induced NH4+ toxicity associated with high NH4+/K+ ratios by regulating the NH4+–K+ balance in Arabidopsis.

Keywords

• NH₄⁺ toxicity
• <i>CIPK</i>
• K⁺
• leaf chlorosis
• root development