Comparison of the adhesion performances of traditional and new generation adhesives used in the making of Turkish bows

Abstract

From primitive societies to today's modern armies, mankind has engaged in competition and warfare since its existence, developing various weapon systems for prevailing in these conflicts. Although it remains unclear when and where the bow and arrow, among the earliest weapons used and developed, were first employed, they have consistently been one of the most effective war instruments. The development of bows and arrows, particularly the transition to composite bows, is notably associated with nomadic Central Asian cultures. It is crucial to highlight the significance of animal adhesives, which are pivotal components in the production of composite bows. The utilization of adhesives to bind materials such as wood, horn, and animal tendons facilitated the creation of composite bows. This article compares the adhesion performances of traditional animal protein-based adhesives used in bow production and new-generation commercial adhesives with the tensile test. Tatar maple (Acer tataricum L.) wood adhesion samples were employed in the study, bonded with ten different adhesives under 5-bar pressure without applying heat. The tensile test results indicate that hide glue has the highest adhesion strength. The chemical structures of animal adhesives, the functional groups within the structure, and their variations were analyzed through FTIR analysis. Characteristic peaks for animal proteins were identified in accordance with the obtained spectrum. Furthermore, differences in amide peak intensities and wavelength shifts were detected among samples obtained from various sources. Additionally, the adhesion line of the lap shear adhesion test samples was examined under a light microscope to assess adhesive penetration and the interaction between wood and adhesive.

Keywords

• bow
• protein adhesive
• ftir
• adhesion performance
• yay
• protein tutkalı
• ftir
• yapışma performansı