Revealing a Main-sequence Star that Consumed a Planet with JWST

Abstract

The subluminous red nova (SLRN) Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) SLRN-2020 is the most compelling direct detection of a planet being consumed by its host star, a scenario known as a planetary engulfment event. We present JWST spectroscopy of ZTF SLRN-2020 taken +830 days after its optical emission peak using the NIRSpec fixed-slit 3–5 μ m high-resolution grating and the MIRI 5–12 μ m low-resolution spectrometer. NIRSpec reveals the ^12 CO fundamental band ( ν = 1–0) in emission at ∼4.7 μ m, Brackett- α emission, and the potential detection of PH _3 in emission at ∼4.3 μ m. The JWST spectra are consistent with the claim that ZTF SLRN-2020 arose from a planetary engulfment event. We utilize DUSTY to model the late-time ∼1–12 μ m spectral energy distribution (SED) of ZTF SLRN-2020, where the best-fit parameters indicate the presence of warm, $72{0}_{-50}^{+80}$ K, circumstellar dust with a total dust mass of Log $\left(\tfrac{{M}_{{\rm{d}}}}{{M}_{\odot }}\right)=-10.6{1}_{-0.16}^{+0.08}$ M _⊙ . We also fit a DUSTY model to archival photometry taken +320 days after the peak that suggested the presence of a cooler, ${T}_{{\rm{d}}}=28{0}_{-20}^{+450}$ K, and more massive, Log $\left(\tfrac{{M}_{{\rm{d}}}}{{M}_{\odot }}\right)=-5.8{9}_{-3.21}^{+0.29}$ , circumstellar dust component. Assuming the cool component originates from the ZTF SLRN-2020 ejecta, we interpret the warm component as fallback from the ejecta. From the late-time SED model, we measure a luminosity of ${L}_{* }=0.2{9}_{-0.06}^{+0.03}$ L _⊙ for the remnant host star, which is consistent with a ∼0.7 M _⊙ K-type star that should not yet have evolved off the main sequence. If ZTF SLRN-2020 was not triggered by stellar evolution, we suggest that the planetary engulfment was due to orbital decay from tidal interactions between the planet and the host star.

Keywords

• Star-planet interactions
• Planetary system evolution
• Stellar mergers