Recent Updates on Multifunctional Nanomaterials as Antipathogens in Humans and Livestock: Classification, Application, Mode of Action, and Challenges
Samreen Sadiq,
Iltaf Khan,
Zhenyu Shen,
Mengdong Wang,
Tao Xu,
Sohail Khan,
Xuemin Zhou,
Ali Bahadur,
Madiha Rafiq,
Sumreen Sohail,
Ping Wu
Affiliations
Samreen Sadiq
School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Iltaf Khan
School of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Zhenyu Shen
School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Mengdong Wang
School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Tao Xu
School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Sohail Khan
Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 94640, Pakistan
Xuemin Zhou
School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Ali Bahadur
College of Science, Mathematics, and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou 325060, China
Madiha Rafiq
Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
Sumreen Sohail
Department of Information Technology, Careerera, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
Ping Wu
School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Pathogens cause infections and millions of deaths globally, while antipathogens are drugs or treatments designed to combat them. To date, multifunctional nanomaterials (NMs), such as organic, inorganic, and nanocomposites, have attracted significant attention by transforming antipathogen livelihoods. They are very small in size so can quickly pass through the walls of bacterial, fungal, or parasitic cells and viral particles to perform their antipathogenic activity. They are more reactive and have a high band gap, making them more effective than traditional medications. Moreover, due to some pathogen’s resistance to currently available medications, the antipathogen performance of NMs is becoming crucial. Additionally, due to their prospective properties and administration methods, NMs are eventually chosen for cutting-edge applications and therapies, including drug administration and diagnostic tools for antipathogens. Herein, NMs have significant characteristics that can facilitate identifying and eliminating pathogens in real-time. This mini-review analyzes multifunctional NMs as antimicrobial tools and investigates their mode of action. We also discussed the challenges that need to be solved for the utilization of NMs as antipathogens.
