Ocean acidification shows negligible impacts on high-latitude bacterial community structure in coastal pelagic mesocosms

Abstract

The impact of ocean acidification and carbonation on microbial community structure was assessed during a large-scale in situ costal pelagic mesocosm study, included as part of the EPOCA 2010 Arctic campaign. The mesocosm experiment included ambient conditions (fjord) and nine mesocosms with <i>p</i>CO₂ levels ranging from ~145 to ~1420 μatm. Samples for the present study were collected at ten time points (<i>t</i>&ndash;1, <i>t</i>1, <i>t</i>5, <i>t</i>7, <i>t</i>12, <i>t</i>14, <i>t</i>18, <i>t</i>22, <i>t</i>26 to <i>t</i>28) in seven treatments (ambient fjord (~145), 2 × ~185, ~270, ~685, ~820, ~1050 μatm) and were analysed for "small" and "large" size fraction microbial community composition using 16S RNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) amplicon sequencing. This high-throughput sequencing analysis produced ~20 000 000 16S rRNA V4 reads, which comprised 7000 OTUs. The main variables structuring these communities were sample origins (fjord or mesocosms) and the community size fraction (small or large size fraction). The community was significantly different between the unenclosed fjord water and enclosed mesocosms (both control and elevated CO₂ treatments) after nutrients were added to the mesocosms, suggesting that the addition of nutrients is the primary driver of the change in mesocosm community structure. The relative importance of each structuring variable depended greatly on the time at which the community was sampled in relation to the phytoplankton bloom. The sampling strategy of separating the small and large size fraction was the second most important factor for community structure. When the small and large size fraction bacteria were analysed separately at different time points, the only taxon <i>p</i>CO₂ was found to significantly affect were the Gammaproteobacteria after nutrient addition. Finally, <i>p</i>CO₂ treatment was found to be significantly correlated (non-linear) with 15 rare taxa, most of which increased in abundance with higher CO₂.