Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (Apr 2024)
Extending heart preservation to 24 h with normothermic perfusion
Abstract
Cold static storage (CSS) for up to 6 h is the gold standard in heart preservation. Although some hearts stored over 6 h have been transplanted, longer CSS times have increased posttransplant morbimortality. Transmedics® Organ Care System (OCS™) is the only FDA-approved commercial system that provides an alternative to CSS using normothermic ex situ heart perfusion (NEHP) in resting mode with aortic perfusion (Langendorff method). However, it is also limited to 6 h and lacks an objective assessment of cardiac function. Developing a system that can perfuse hearts under NEHP conditions for >24 h can facilitate organ rehabilitation, expansion of the donor pool, and objective functional evaluation. The Extracorporeal Life Support Laboratory at the University of Michigan has worked to prolong NEHP to >24 h with an objective assessment of heart viability during NEHP. An NEHP system was developed for aortic (Langendorff) perfusion using a blood-derived perfusate (leukocyte/thrombocyte-depleted blood). Porcine hearts (n = 42) of different sizes (6–55 kg) were divided into five groups and studied during 24 h NEHP with various interventions in three piglets (small-size) heart groups: (1) Control NEHP without interventions (n = 15); (2) NEHP + plasma exchange (n = 5); (3) NEHP + hemofiltration (n = 10) and two adult-size (juvenile pigs) heart groups (to demonstrate the support of larger hearts); (4) NEHP + hemofiltration (n = 5); and (5) NEHP with intermittent left atrial (iLA) perfusion (n = 7). All hearts with NEHP + interventions (n = 27) were successfully perfused for 24 h, whereas 14 (93.3%) control hearts failed between 10 and 21 h, and 1 control heart (6.6%) lasted 24 h. Hearts in the piglet hemofiltration and plasma exchange groups performed better than those in the control group. The larger hearts in the iLA perfusion group (n = 7) allowed for real-time heart functional assessment and remained stable throughout the 24 h of NEHP. These results demonstrate that heart preservation for 24 h is feasible with our NEHP perfusion technique. Increasing the preservation period beyond 24 h, infection control, and nutritional support all need optimization. This proves the concept that NEHP has the potential to increase the organ pool by (1) considering previously discarded hearts; (2) performing an objective assessment of heart function; (3) increasing the donor/recipient distance; and (4) developing heart-specific perfusion therapies.
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