In Vitro and In Silico Potential Inhibitory Effects of New Biflavonoids from <i>Ochna rhizomatosa</i> on HIV-1 Integrase and <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify bioactive secondary metabolites from Ochna rhizomatosa with potential inhibitory effects against HIV and Plasmodium falciparum. A phytochemical study of O. rhizomatosa root barks resulted in the identification of three new biflavonoids (1–3), along with four known ones (4–7). Compound 7 (Gerontoisoflavone A) was a single flavonoid present in the rootbark of the plant and was used as a reference. Compound 1 (IC50 = 0.047 µM) was the only one with a noteworthy inhibitory effect against HIV-1 integrase in vitro. Chicoric acid (IC50 = 0.006 µM), a pure competitive inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, was used as control. Compound 2 exhibited the highest antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 4.60 µM) against the chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum NF54. Computational molecular docking revealed that compounds 1 and 2 had the highest binding score (−121.8 and −131.88 Kcal/mol, respectively) in comparison to chicoric acid and Dolutegravir (−116 and −100 Kcal/mol, respectively), towards integrase receptor (PDB:3LPT). As far as Plasmodium-6 cysteine s48/45 domain inhibition is concerned, compounds 1 and 2 showed the highest binding scores in comparison to chloroquine, urging the analysis of these compounds in vivo for disease treatment. These results confirm the potential inhibitory effect of compounds 1 and 2 for HIV and malaria treatment. Therefore, our future investigation to find inhibitors of these receptors in vivo could be an effective strategy for developing new drugs.

Keywords

• <i>Ochna rhizomatosa</i>
• biflavonoids
• HIV-1 replication
• <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> NF<i>54</i>
• structure–activity relationships
• molecular docking