Using Redox Proteomics to Gain New Insights into Neurodegenerative Disease and Protein Modification
Paula Cadenas-Garrido,
Ailén Schonvandt-Alarcos,
Lourdes Herrera-Quintana,
Héctor Vázquez-Lorente,
Alicia Santamaría-Quiles,
Jon Ruiz de Francisco,
Marina Moya-Escudero,
David Martín-Oliva,
Sandra M. Martín-Guerrero,
César Rodríguez-Santana,
Jerónimo Aragón-Vela,
Julio Plaza-Diaz
Affiliations
Paula Cadenas-Garrido
Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
Ailén Schonvandt-Alarcos
Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Alicia Santamaría-Quiles
Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
Jon Ruiz de Francisco
Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
Marina Moya-Escudero
Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
David Martín-Oliva
Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Sandra M. Martín-Guerrero
Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
César Rodríguez-Santana
Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, Building B3, Campus s/n “Las Lagunillas”, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
Julio Plaza-Diaz
Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
Antioxidant defenses in biological systems ensure redox homeostasis, regulating baseline levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Oxidative stress (OS), characterized by a lack of antioxidant defenses or an elevation in ROS and RNS, may cause a modification of biomolecules, ROS being primarily absorbed by proteins. As a result of both genome and environment interactions, proteomics provides complete information about a cell’s proteome, which changes continuously. Besides measuring protein expression levels, proteomics can also be used to identify protein modifications, localizations, the effects of added agents, and the interactions between proteins. Several oxidative processes are frequently used to modify proteins post-translationally, including carbonylation, oxidation of amino acid side chains, glycation, or lipid peroxidation, which produces highly reactive alkenals. Reactive alkenals, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, are added to cysteine (Cys), lysine (Lys), or histidine (His) residues by a Michael addition, and tyrosine (Tyr) residues are nitrated and Cys residues are nitrosylated by a Michael addition. Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases as a result of oxidative damage to the brain, which may be especially vulnerable due to the large consumption of dioxygen. Therefore, the current methods applied for the detection, identification, and quantification in redox proteomics are of great interest. This review describes the main protein modifications classified as chemical reactions. Finally, we discuss the importance of redox proteomics to health and describe the analytical methods used in redox proteomics.
