Men’s mutagenomic applications and advances in malignancies treatment: a narrative review

Abstract

Cancer has higher incidence and mortality rates in men compared to women because of the sex genetics. Tumors and malignant diseases such as gallbladder, pancreas and liver cancers have poor prognosis which threaten the human lives. Conducive treatment strategies are thus required to improve men’s health. Herein, phenotypic screening of strains, bacteria and microbiomes by the mutational genomics is presented as novel therapeutic strategy. Mutant genomes can reduce toxicity, negative stress and sensitivity of the human body through genomic resetting and recombination. However, studies are lacking on microbial or genome-related therapeutics from the pharmacological perspective. This paper thus presents new strategies and directions in anticancer therapy including mutant genome-based human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF/VEGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) rat sarcoma/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma/MAPK/ERK Kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK) pathway, phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway, programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1), high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. They are all relevant to human physiology. Moreover, strategies for treating aggressive tumors and preventive cancer are discussed along with the clinical case studies for future therapeutic applications.

Keywords

• mutagenomic
• malignancies
• her2/neu
• vegr
• men’s health