Biomedical Engineering Advances (Dec 2022)
Mechanical and morphological characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) for bone regeneration: A mini review
Abstract
Different biomaterials for bone regeneration have shown a lot of drawbacks, for allograft; the drawbacks are delayed incorporation, limited osteogenic, rejection of grafts, and risk of disease transmission; for xenograft, the drawbacks are delayed incorporation, limited osteogenic, more aggressive rejection of grafts, re-injury risks, and inadequate vascularization; and for autologous, the drawbacks are unpredictable resorption, donor site pain, limited availability, hematoma, variable quality, as well as inadequate vascularization. Future researchers have to keep these drawbacks in context to understand how they can deal with them to get the desired results. Nano-hydroxyapatite nHA is a candidate material for multipurpose applications in biomedical industries such as bone regeneration and dental application due to its outstanding biocompatibility properties. Hydroxyapatite one of the most critical biomaterials is a major part of the mineral section of the teeth and bone. The remineralizing effect generated and offered by the nHA happens to be more useful for bone regeneration as compared to conventional fluoride. The purpose of this review is to highlight the various beneficial mechanical and morphological properties of a nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) that is majorly utilized in bone regeneration in recent years. Nano-hydroxyapatite has unique biomaterials and biostructures that make bone regeneration possible thus its wide applications in medicine. In addition to that, it also has inorganic and organic components that make it biologically feasible to be used in bone regeneration.This review also found that nHA comes with various unique kind of properties like it does not induce any inflammation or toxicity, has the capacity to chemically bond with the bone, and has the property of stimulating the growth of the bones. Different process techniques are used with nHA to achieve bone regeneration and with these processes, morphological characteristics and effects of microstructures are also explored. Regenerative medicine therefore considers nHA as being essential in enhancing the self-renewal ability of bones, and if a proper methodology is used with mechanical and morphological characterization, then the effects of nHA can be amazing for bone regeneration. The properties of nHA are good enough not only for the remineralizing of the bone but also for the growth of the tissues to keep them healthy and performing better against sensitivity as well as any kind of stress or strain. In addition, the paper also reviewed that when the bone regeneration process is conducted, it has to deal with a variety of requirements to achieve the desired results. The first required component is an osteoinductive signal, and the second required component is an insoluble substratum which is a scaffold when it comes to inducting formation of the new bone. The third required component is host recipient cells, which have the capability to differentiate the bone cells when responding to the osteoinductive signals. It is also found that nHAp sizes of bones are better than any other sizes because they come up with so many qualities and properties such as having nonimmunogenic properties, noninflammatory behavior, biocompatibility, osteoinductive capacity, as well as, high osteoconductive.
