Negotiation process in international relations theory: from history to contemporary practices

Abstract

The article examines the negotiation process within the context of international relations theory, tracing its development from historical roots to contemporary practices. Key theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and the evolution of negotiations as a vital tool for conflict resolution and diplomacy are analyzed. It is shown that approaches to the negotiation process are closely correlated with international relations theories, as they reflect various methods of analyzing and resolving conflicts between states and other international actors, offering different ways to rationalize negotiating positions. The study shows that within the realist paradigm of international relations, the negotiation approach is based on pragmatism and achieving benefits within the existing balance of power; within the liberal paradigm, it focuses on cooperation and international standards, while the constructivist paradigm emphasizes changing shared beliefs and rethinking interests. Special attention is given to the contributions of prominent scholars and practitioners who have shaped the analytical field in international relations and negotiation theory. It is highlighted how classical negotiation strategies have adapted to the complexities of contemporary global challenges, including international conflicts and diplomatic efforts. Considering the diversity of international actors and global challenges, the combination of theoretical foundations and practical negotiation methods is crucial for achieving effective results in modern diplomacy. It is identified that liberal theories of international relations aim to optimize negotiation processes through the creation of interaction and trust between states, applying institutional mechanisms. Accordingly, the rationalization of negotiating positions in this case involves incorporating principles of cooperation, transparency, and long-term interests to ensure stability and security. Liberal approaches also systematically use arguments based on international law, humanitarian standards that create conditions for a more peaceful and constructive resolution of conflicts. The interdisciplinary nature of negotiation process research is emphasized, and the influence of theoretical and practical developments on contemporary negotiation methods, particularly in the context of diplomatic initiatives, is explored. The article highlights the importance of adapting classical negotiation models to modern realities, especially in the context of globalization, geopolitical changes, and new technological challenges.

Keywords

• negotiations, negotiation process, international relations, theory of international relations, mediation, and intercession