The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
Performance of SK-Gd’s Upgraded Real-time Supernova Monitoring System
- Y. Kashiwagi,
- K. Abe,
- C. Bronner,
- Y. Hayato,
- K. Hiraide,
- K. Hosokawa,
- K. Ieki,
- M. Ikeda,
- J. Kameda,
- Y. Kanemura,
- R. Kaneshima,
- Y. Kataoka,
- S. Miki,
- S. Mine,
- M. Miura,
- S. Moriyama,
- Y. Nakano,
- M. Nakahata,
- S. Nakayama,
- Y. Noguchi,
- K. Sato,
- H. Sekiya,
- H. Shiba,
- K. Shimizu,
- M. Shiozawa,
- Y. Sonoda,
- Y. Suzuki,
- A. Takeda,
- Y. Takemoto,
- H. Tanaka,
- T. Yano,
- S. Han,
- T. Kajita,
- K. Okumura,
- T. Tashiro,
- T. Tomiya,
- X. Wang,
- S. Yoshida,
- P. Fernandez,
- L. Labarga,
- N. Ospina,
- B. Zaldivar,
- B. W. Pointon,
- E. Kearns,
- J. L. Raaf,
- L. Wan,
- T. Wester,
- J. Bian,
- N. J. Griskevich,
- S. Locke,
- M. B. Smy,
- H. W. Sobel,
- V. Takhistov,
- A. Yankelevich,
- J. Hill,
- M. C. Jang,
- S. H. Lee,
- D. H. Moon,
- R. G. Park,
- B. Bodur,
- K. Scholberg,
- C. W. Walter,
- A. Beauchêne,
- O. Drapier,
- A. Giampaolo,
- Th. A. Mueller,
- A. D. Santos,
- P. Paganini,
- B. Quilain,
- R. Rogly,
- T. Nakamura,
- J. S. Jang,
- L. N. Machado,
- J. G. Learned,
- K. Choi,
- N. Iovine,
- S. Cao,
- L. H. V. Anthony,
- D. Martin,
- N. W. Prouse,
- M. Scott,
- A. A. Sztuc,
- Y. Uchida,
- V. Berardi,
- M. G. Catanesi,
- E. Radicioni,
- N. F. Calabria,
- A. Langella,
- G. De Rosa,
- G. Collazuol,
- F. Iacob,
- M. Mattiazzi,
- L. Ludovici,
- M. Gonin,
- L. Périssé,
- G. Pronost,
- C. Fujisawa,
- Y. Maekawa,
- Y. Nishimura,
- R. Okazaki,
- R. Akutsu,
- M. Friend,
- T. Hasegawa,
- T. Ishida,
- T. Kobayashi,
- M. Jakkapu,
- T. Matsubara,
- T. Nakadaira,
- K. Nakamura,
- Y. Oyama,
- K. Sakashita,
- T. Sekiguchi,
- T. Tsukamoto,
- N. Bhuiyan,
- G. T. Burton,
- F. Di Lodovico,
- J. Gao,
- A. Goldsack,
- T. Katori,
- J. Migenda,
- R. M. Ramsden,
- Z. Xie,
- S. Zsoldos,
- A. T. Suzuki,
- Y. Takagi,
- Y. Takeuchi,
- H. Zhong,
- J. Feng,
- L. Feng,
- J. R. Hu,
- Z. Hu,
- M. Kawaue,
- T. Kikawa,
- M. Mori,
- T. Nakaya,
- R. A. Wendell,
- K. Yasutome,
- S. J. Jenkins,
- N. McCauley,
- P. Mehta,
- A. Tarrant,
- Y. Fukuda,
- Y. Itow,
- H. Menjo,
- K. Ninomiya,
- Y. Yoshioka,
- J. Lagoda,
- S. M. Lakshmi,
- M. Mandal,
- P. Mijakowski,
- Y. S. Prabhu,
- J. Zalipska,
- M. Jia,
- J. Jiang,
- C. K. Jung,
- W. Shi,
- M. J. Wilking,
- C. Yanagisawa,
- M. Harada,
- Y. Hino,
- H. Ishino,
- Y. Koshio,
- F. Nakanishi,
- S. Sakai,
- T. Tada,
- T. Tano,
- T. Ishizuka,
- G. Barr,
- D. Barrow,
- L. Cook,
- S. Samani,
- D. Wark,
- A. Holin,
- F. Nova,
- S. Jung,
- B. S. Yang,
- J. Y. Yang,
- J. Yoo,
- J. E. P. Fannon,
- L. Kneale,
- M. Malek,
- J. M. McElwee,
- M. D. Thiesse,
- L. F. Thompson,
- S. T. Wilson,
- H. Okazawa,
- S. B. Kim,
- E. Kwon,
- J. W. Seo,
- I. Yu,
- A. K. Ichikawa,
- K. D. Nakamura,
- S. Tairafune,
- K. Nishijima,
- A. Eguchi,
- K. Nakagiri,
- Y. Nakajima,
- S. Shima,
- N. Taniuchi,
- E. Watanabe,
- M. Yokoyama,
- P. de Perio,
- S. Fujita,
- C. Jesús-Valls,
- K. Martens,
- K. M. Tsui,
- M. R. Vagins,
- J. Xia,
- M. Kuze,
- S. Izumiyama,
- R. Matsumoto,
- M. Ishitsuka,
- H. Ito,
- Y. Ommura,
- N. Shigeta,
- M. Shinoki,
- K. Yamauchi,
- T. Yoshida,
- R. Gaur,
- V. Gousy-Leblanc,
- M. Hartz,
- A. Konaka,
- X. Li,
- S. Chen,
- B. D. Xu,
- B. Zhang,
- M. Posiadala-Zezula,
- S. B. Boyd,
- R. Edwards,
- D. Hadley,
- M. Nicholson,
- M. O’Flaherty,
- B. Richards,
- A. Ali,
- B. Jamieson,
- S. Amanai,
- Ll. Marti,
- A. Minamino,
- S. Suzuki,
- The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration
Affiliations
- Y. Kashiwagi
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- K. Abe
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- C. Bronner
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- Y. Hayato
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- K. Hiraide
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- K. Hosokawa
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- K. Ieki
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- M. Ikeda
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- J. Kameda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Y. Kanemura
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- R. Kaneshima
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- Y. Kataoka
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- S. Miki
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- S. Mine
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- M. Miura
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- S. Moriyama
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Y. Nakano
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- M. Nakahata
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- S. Nakayama
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Y. Noguchi
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- K. Sato
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- H. Sekiya
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- H. Shiba
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- K. Shimizu
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- M. Shiozawa
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Y. Sonoda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- Y. Suzuki
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- A. Takeda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Y. Takemoto
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- H. Tanaka
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- T. Yano
- ORCiD
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan ; [email protected]
- S. Han
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- T. Kajita
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; ILANCE, CNRS— University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- K. Okumura
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- T. Tashiro
- ORCiD
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- T. Tomiya
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- X. Wang
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- S. Yoshida
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- P. Fernandez
- ORCiD
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- L. Labarga
- ORCiD
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- N. Ospina
- ORCiD
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- B. Zaldivar
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- B. W. Pointon
- Department of Physics, British Columbia Institute of Technology , Burnaby, BC, V5G 3H2, Canada; TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- E. Kearns
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, MA 02215, USA
- J. L. Raaf
- Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, MA 02215, USA
- L. Wan
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, MA 02215, USA
- T. Wester
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, MA 02215, USA
- J. Bian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- N. J. Griskevich
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- S. Locke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- M. B. Smy
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- H. W. Sobel
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- V. Takhistov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- A. Yankelevich
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- J. Hill
- Department of Physics, California State University , Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
- M. C. Jang
- Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- S. H. Lee
- Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- D. H. Moon
- Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- R. G. Park
- Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- B. Bodur
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Duke University , Durham NC 27708, USA
- K. Scholberg
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Duke University , Durham NC 27708, USA
- C. W. Walter
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Duke University , Durham NC 27708, USA
- A. Beauchêne
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- O. Drapier
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- A. Giampaolo
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- Th. A. Mueller
- ORCiD
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- A. D. Santos
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- P. Paganini
- ORCiD
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- B. Quilain
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- R. Rogly
- ORCiD
- Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet , F-91120 Palaiseau, France
- T. Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Gifu University , Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- J. S. Jang
- GIST College, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
- L. N. Machado
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
- J. G. Learned
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii , Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- K. Choi
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- N. Iovine
- ORCiD
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- S. Cao
- Institute For Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Education , ICISE, Quy Nhon, 55121, Vietnam
- L. H. V. Anthony
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- D. Martin
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- N. W. Prouse
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- M. Scott
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- A. A. Sztuc
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Y. Uchida
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- V. Berardi
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari , I-70125, Bari, Italy
- M. G. Catanesi
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari , I-70125, Bari, Italy
- E. Radicioni
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari , I-70125, Bari, Italy
- N. F. Calabria
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli , I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- A. Langella
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli , I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- G. De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli , I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- G. Collazuol
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova , I-35131, Padova, Italy
- F. Iacob
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova , I-35131, Padova, Italy
- M. Mattiazzi
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova , I-35131, Padova, Italy
- L. Ludovici
- INFN Sezione di Roma and Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” I-00185, Roma, Italy
- M. Gonin
- ILANCE, CNRS— University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- L. Périssé
- ORCiD
- ILANCE, CNRS— University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- G. Pronost
- ORCiD
- ILANCE, CNRS— University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
- C. Fujisawa
- Department of Physics, Keio University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
- Y. Maekawa
- Department of Physics, Keio University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
- Y. Nishimura
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Keio University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
- R. Okazaki
- Department of Physics, Keio University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
- R. Akutsu
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- M. Friend
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- T. Hasegawa
- ORCiD
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- T. Ishida
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- T. Kobayashi
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- M. Jakkapu
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- T. Matsubara
- ORCiD
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- T. Nakadaira
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- K. Nakamura
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Y. Oyama
- ORCiD
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- K. Sakashita
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- T. Sekiguchi
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- T. Tsukamoto
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- N. Bhuiyan
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- G. T. Burton
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- F. Di Lodovico
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- J. Gao
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- A. Goldsack
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- T. Katori
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- J. Migenda
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- R. M. Ramsden
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Z. Xie
- Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- S. Zsoldos
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, King's College London , London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- A. T. Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Kobe University , Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- Y. Takagi
- Department of Physics, Kobe University , Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- Y. Takeuchi
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Kobe University , Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- H. Zhong
- Department of Physics, Kobe University , Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- J. Feng
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- L. Feng
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- J. R. Hu
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Z. Hu
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- M. Kawaue
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- T. Kikawa
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- M. Mori
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- T. Nakaya
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- R. A. Wendell
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- K. Yasutome
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University , Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- S. J. Jenkins
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
- N. McCauley
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
- P. Mehta
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
- A. Tarrant
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
- Y. Fukuda
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education , Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
- Y. Itow
- ORCiD
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- H. Menjo
- ORCiD
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- K. Ninomiya
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Y. Yoshioka
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- J. Lagoda
- National Centre For Nuclear Research , 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- S. M. Lakshmi
- National Centre For Nuclear Research , 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- M. Mandal
- National Centre For Nuclear Research , 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- P. Mijakowski
- National Centre For Nuclear Research , 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Y. S. Prabhu
- National Centre For Nuclear Research , 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- J. Zalipska
- National Centre For Nuclear Research , 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- M. Jia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook , NY 11794-3800, USA
- J. Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook , NY 11794-3800, USA
- C. K. Jung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook , NY 11794-3800, USA
- W. Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook , NY 11794-3800, USA
- M. J. Wilking
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook , NY 11794-3800, USA
- C. Yanagisawa
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook , NY 11794-3800, USA
- M. Harada
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Y. Hino
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- H. Ishino
- Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Y. Koshio
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- F. Nakanishi
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- S. Sakai
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- T. Tada
- Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- T. Tano
- Department of Physics, Okayama University , Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- T. Ishizuka
- Media Communication Center, Osaka Electro-Communication University , Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8530, Japan
- G. Barr
- Department of Physics, Oxford University , Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- D. Barrow
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Oxford University , Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- L. Cook
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, Oxford University , Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- S. Samani
- Department of Physics, Oxford University , Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- D. Wark
- Department of Physics, Oxford University , Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK; STFC , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, and Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, OX11 0QX, UK
- A. Holin
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell, Oxford, OX11 0QX, UK
- F. Nova
- ORCiD
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell, Oxford, OX11 0QX, UK
- S. Jung
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- B. S. Yang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- J. Y. Yang
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- J. Yoo
- Department of Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- J. E. P. Fannon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
- L. Kneale
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
- M. Malek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
- J. M. McElwee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
- M. D. Thiesse
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
- L. F. Thompson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
- S. T. Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK
- H. Okazawa
- Department of Informatics in Social Welfare, Shizuoka University of Welfare , Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-8611, Japan
- S. B. Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- E. Kwon
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- J. W. Seo
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- I. Yu
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- A. K. Ichikawa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- K. D. Nakamura
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- S. Tairafune
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- K. Nishijima
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Tokai University , Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- A. Eguchi
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- K. Nakagiri
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Y. Nakajima
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- S. Shima
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- N. Taniuchi
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- E. Watanabe
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- M. Yokoyama
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, University of Tokyo , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- P. de Perio
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- S. Fujita
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- C. Jesús-Valls
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- K. Martens
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- K. M. Tsui
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- M. R. Vagins
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
- J. Xia
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- M. Kuze
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- S. Izumiyama
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- R. Matsumoto
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- M. Ishitsuka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- H. Ito
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Y. Ommura
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- N. Shigeta
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- M. Shinoki
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- K. Yamauchi
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- T. Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- R. Gaur
- TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- V. Gousy-Leblanc
- TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- M. Hartz
- TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- A. Konaka
- TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- X. Li
- TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- S. Chen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China
- B. D. Xu
- ORCiD
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China
- B. Zhang
- ORCiD
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China
- M. Posiadala-Zezula
- ORCiD
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
- S. B. Boyd
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- R. Edwards
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- D. Hadley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- M. Nicholson
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- M. O’Flaherty
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- B. Richards
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- A. Ali
- TRIUMF , 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg , MB R3J 3L8, Canada
- B. Jamieson
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg , MB R3J 3L8, Canada
- S. Amanai
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- Ll. Marti
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- A. Minamino
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- S. Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University , Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
- The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d8e
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 970,
no. 1
p. 93
Abstract
Among multimessenger observations of the next Galactic core-collapse supernova, Super-Kamiokande (SK) plays a critical role in detecting the emitted supernova neutrinos, determining the direction to the supernova (SN), and notifying the astronomical community of these observations in advance of the optical signal. In 2022, SK has increased the gadolinium dissolved in its water target (SK-Gd) and has achieved a Gd concentration of 0.033%, resulting in enhanced neutron detection capability, which in turn enables more accurate determination of the supernova direction. Accordingly, SK-Gd’s real-time supernova monitoring system has been upgraded. SK_SN Notice, a warning system that works together with this monitoring system, was released on 2021 December 13, and is available through GCN Notices. When the monitoring system detects an SN-like burst of events, SK_SN Notice will automatically distribute an alarm with the reconstructed direction to the supernova candidate within a few minutes. In this paper, we present a systematic study of SK-Gd’s response to a simulated Galactic SN. Assuming a supernova situated at 10 kpc, neutrino fluxes from six supernova models are used to characterize SK-Gd’s pointing accuracy using the same tools as the online monitoring system. The pointing accuracy is found to vary from 3° to 7° depending on the models. However, if the supernova is closer than 10 kpc, SK_SN Notice can issue an alarm with three-degree accuracy, which will benefit follow-up observations by optical telescopes with large fields of view.
Keywords
