Removal of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> and <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. in Microalgal–Bacterial Systems: Influence of Microalgal Inoculum and CO<sub>2</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> Addition
Graziele Ruas,
Sarah Lacerda Farias,
Bruno A. B. dos Reis,
Mayara Leite Serejo,
Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva,
Marc Árpád Boncz
Affiliations
Graziele Ruas
Post-Graduate Programme of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
Sarah Lacerda Farias
Post-Graduate Programme of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
Bruno A. B. dos Reis
Post-Graduate Programme of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
Mayara Leite Serejo
Federal Institute of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Aquidauana, Aquidauana 79200-000, Brazil
Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva
School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17000-000, Brazil
Marc Árpád Boncz
Post-Graduate Programme of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
Conventional biological wastewater treatment systems have a low pathogen removal capacity. Microalgae-based systems are sustainable and low-cost alternatives for wastewater treatment and are capable of removing pathogens from domestic effluents. Other microorganisms have been identified as alternative indicators of disinfection since they have greater resistance than Escherichia coli, either because of the formation of spores or because of other mechanisms of protection, and because they spread in wastewater treatment plants; the most important are Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus spp. This study assessed the influence of microalgal strains (e.g., Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus acutus Meyen) and the addition of CO2 and O2 on the removal of C. perfringens and Staphylococcus spp. from domestic wastewater in microalgal–bacterial systems. The removal of C. perfringens (2.5 to 3.2 log units) and Staphylococcus sp. (1.8 to 2.0 log units) was higher when using Chlorella sp. inoculum. The addition of CO2 and O2 did not have a significant effect on the removal of pathogenic bacteria. The main mechanism of C. perfringens removal was by means of toxins and bactericidal substances produced by the microalgae, while Staphylococcus spp. removal also occurred through photooxidative processes.
