Electron Density and Molecular Orbital Analyses of the Nature of Bonding in the η³-CCH Agostic Rhodium Complexes Preceding the C–C and C–H Bond Cleavages

Abstract

In our recent work, we revisited C–H and C–C bond activation in rhodium (I) complexes of pincer ligands PCP, PCN, PCO, POCOP, and SCS. Our findings indicated that an η3-Csp2Csp3H agostic intermediate acts as a common precursor to both C–C and C–H bond activation in these systems. We explore the electronic structure and bonding nature of these precleavage complexes using electron density and molecular orbital analyses. Using NBO, IBO, and ESI-3D methods, the bonding in the η3-CCH agostic moiety is depicted by two three-center agostic bonds: Rh–Csp2–Csp3 and Rh–Csp3–H, with all three atoms datively bound to Rh(I). IBO analysis specifically highlights the involvement of three orbitals (CC→Rh and CH→Rh σ donation, plus Rh→CCH π backdonation) in both C–C and C–H bond cleavages. NCIPLOT and QTAIM analyses highlight anagostic (Rh–H) or β-agostic (Rh–Csp2–H) interactions and the absence of Rh–Csp3 interactions. QTAIM molecular graphs suggest bond path instability under dynamic conditions due to the nearness of line and ring critical points. Several low-frequency and low-force vibrational modes interconvert various bonding patterns, reinforcing the dynamic η3-CCH agostic nature. The kinetic preference for C–H bond breaking is attributed to the smaller reduced mass of C–H vibrations compared to C–C vibrations.

Keywords

• Rh pincer complexes
• agostic bonding
• η³-CCH agostic intermediates
• C–C and C–H bond activation
• electron density analysis
• QTAIM analysis