Clinical usefulness of early serial measurements of C-reactive protein as outcome predictors in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in predicting neurological outcomes of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods In this retrospective, observational study of adult patients with SAH treated between January 2012 and June 2017. Initial CRP levels collected within 24 h from the onset of SAH, the follow-up CRP levels were measured. The primary outcome was neurological status at six-month follow-up assessed with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS, 1 to 5). Results Among 156 patients with SAH, 145 (92.9%) survived until discharge. Of these survivors, 109 (69.9%) manifested favorable neurological outcomes (GOS of 4 or 5). Initial CRP levels on admission and maximal CRP levels within four days were significantly higher in the group with poor neurological outcome compared with those manifesting favorable neurological outcomes (P = 0.022, P < 0.001, respectively). However, the clearance of CRPs did not differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.785). Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve for prediction of poor neurological outcome showed that the performance of the maximal CRP was significantly better compared with the initial CRP or the clearance of CRP (P = 0.007, P < 0.001, respectively). In this study, the effect of CRP on neurological outcomes differed according to surgical clipping. The maximal CRP levels within four days facilitate the prediction of neurological outcomes of SAH patients without surgical clipping (C-statistic: 0.856, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.767–0.921). However, they were poorly associated with neurological prognoses in SAH patients who underwent surgical clipping (C-statistic: 0.562, 95% CI: 0.399–0.716). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.052–1.158), initial Glasgow Coma Scale (adjusted OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.647–0.837), and maximal CRP without surgical clipping (adjusted OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.066–1.516) were significantly associated with poor neurological outcomes in SAH patients. Conclusions Early serial measurements of CRP may be used to predict neurological outcomes of SAH patients. Furthermore, maximal CRP levels within four days post-SAH are significantly correlated with poor neurological outcomes.

Keywords

• C-reactive protein
• Prognosis
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Vasospasm
• Inflammation