Ripple map delineation of the reentrant circuit in a tricuspid annular atrial tachycardia mimicking focal activity

Abstract

A 70-year-old man with hypertensive heart disease underwent catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation. After completing the pulmonary vein isolation, atrial burst pacing induced an annular atrial tachycardia (AT). Overdrive pacing exhibited constant fusion, indicating a macroreentrant mechanism of the AT. However, the CARTO3 activation map created using the Octaray catheter (both Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA) exhibited a centrifugal spread with the earliest activation site at the 4 o'clock position of the tricuspid annulus. In contrast, the Ripple map revealed a clear reentrant circuit with its isthmus located at the 4–6 o'clock position of the tricuspid annulus. The local electrograms in these areas recorded systolic and diastolic potentials simultaneously, and the misannotation of the large far-field potentials caused this discrepant result. Handling low-amplitude complex fractionated electrograms remains a challenge in creating a precise activation mapping. The Ripple map, especially when combined with the Octaray catheter, was effective in dynamically visualizing all these electrograms and accurately delineating the reentrant circuit.

Keywords

• Atrial tachycardia
• Catheter ablation
• Electroanatomic mapping
• Intracardiac electrograms
• Reentry